Complete summary of the elective course International Public Health (AB_1145) from the 1st year of biomedical sciences, VU Amsterdam. This summary contains all the information needed for the exam, and includes all the material from the lectures and the book that was required for this course. This s...
Samenvatting Global Health 101 Essential Public Health - international public health (AB-1145)
Samenvatting Global Health 101 Essential Public Health - international public health (AB-1145)
International Public Health (AB_1145): Complete Summary (VU Amsterdam)
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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Biomedical Sciences
International public health (AB_1145)
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International Public Health
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1
,Lecture 1 | Introduction to IPH 3
Lecture 2 | Health determinants, measurements & trends 4
Lecture 3 | Non-communicable diseases 8
Lecture 4 | Infectious diseases 11
Lecture 5 | Sexual and reproductive health 16
Lecture 6 | Mental health 20
Lecture 7 | Environmental health 24
Lecture 8 | Nutrition and global health 25
Lecture 9 | Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies 31
Lecture 10 | Science, technology and global health 33
Lecture 11 | Child and youth health 37
2
, Lecture 1 | Introduction to IPH
- De nition of health:
- WHO, 1948: a state of complete physical+mental+social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease/in rmity
- Still considered what aspects of physical/mental/social well-being concern
health
- Huber et al., 2011: the ability to adapt and self manage in the face of
social+physical+emotional challenges
- Some unique features of public health:
- Use of prevention as prime intervention strategy
- Can be direct prevention of illness, deaths, and hospital admission; or more
related to quality of life by preventing/reducing days lost from work/school/
consumption of human+ nancial resources associated with ill-health
- Grounded in a broad array of sciences
- Basis in social justice philosophy
- Everyone should have access to basic health needs
- Equity in health care
- Link with government and public services
- Public health vs medicine:
- Public health:
- Primary focus on population
- Public service ethic, with concern for the individual
- Emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention
- Works within multiple systems
- Medicine:
- Primary focus on the individual
- Emphasis on diagnosis and treatment; care for the whole patient
- Dependent on the health care system
- International Public Health:
- Public Health: the science+art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting
physical health and e ciency through organized community e orts
- International Public Health: application of the principles of public health to health
problems and challenges that a ect low-and-middle-income countries and the complex
array of global+local forces that in uence them
- Global Health: an area for study+research+practice that places a priority on improving
health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
- One Health: the integrative e ort of multiple disciplines working
locally+nationally+globally to attain optimal health for
people+animals+environment
- Focus on interconnectedness of animal, human, and environmental health
- Planetary Health: the health of human civilization and the state of the natural
systems on which it depends; the achievement of the highest attainable
standard of health+wellbeing+equity worldwide through judicious attention to
human systems
- Focus on the health of the environment and the connections between that
and human and animal well-being
- History of international public health:
- 400 BC — Hippocrates presents causal relation between environment and disease
- 1st century AD — Romans introduce public sanitation and organized water supply
system
- 14 century — Black Death leads to quarantine and cordon sanitaire
- Middle Ages — Colonial expansion spreads infectious diseases around the world
- Particularly in Northern US
- 1750-1850 — Industrial revolution results in extensive health+social improvements in
cities in Europe and US
- 1850-1910 — Great expansion of knowledge about the causes+transmission of
communicable diseases
3
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, - 1910-1945 — Reductions in child mortality; establishment of schools of public health
and international foundations and environmental agencies interested in public health
- 1945-1990 — Creation of the World Bank and other UN agencies, WHO eradicates
smallpox; HIV/AIDS pandemic begins, Alma Ata Conference gives emphasis to primary
health care; UNICEF leads e orts for universal childhood immunization; greater attention
to chronic diseases
- 1990-date — Priority given to health sector reform, equity, health and development,
impact of and responses to globalization, cost-e ectiveness, public-private partnerships
in health, and use of information+communications technologies
- Critical global health concepts:
- Determinants of health
- Key risk factors for di erent health conditions
- Global burden of disease
- Measurement of health status
- Importance of culture to health
- Demographic+epidemiological transitions
- Organization+function of health systems
- Links among health, education, poverty, and equity
- WHO regions:
- World divided into: Africa Region, European Region, Region of the Americas, Eastern
Mediterranean Region, South-East Asia Region, and Western Paci c Region
- World Bank country income groups:
- Low-income: < $1,026
- Lower middle-income: $1,026 - $3,995
- Upper middle-income: $3,896 - $12,375
- High-income: > $12,375
- Based on Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$); classi cation is
updated each year on July 1st
- Millennium Developing Goals (MDGs):
- In 2000, leaders from 189 countries agreed on a vision for the new millennium: end
extreme poverty in all of its forms
- List of 8 goals: MDGs
- Wanted to achieve these goals in 15 years (by 2015)
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was 1 of leading organizations
- Sustainable Developing Goals (SDGs):
- New set of 17 goals to help nish the work of MDGs
- Want to achieve these goals in 15 years (by 2030)
- Including: no poverty, zero hunger, good health+well-being, quality education, and clean
water+sanitation
Lecture 2 | Health determinants, measurements & trends
- Every year, 40 million people die from NCDs (=chronic diseases)
- CVDs cause most death worldwide
- Highest burden in Europe is caused by NCDs (incl. chronic diseases and mental health; 84%),
then injuries (intentional+unintentional; 11%), then
communicable+maternal+neonatal+nutritional diseases (5%)
- Highest burden worldwide is caused by NCDs (64%), then
communicable+maternal+neonatal+nutritional diseases (26%), then injuries (10%)
- Epidemiological and demographic transition in industrialized countries:
- 1st phase — fertility slightly is higher than mortality; both stable
- Fertility: average number of births; average number of children that a woman
has
- 2nd phase (Industrial Revolution) — population grows: fertility decreases slightly, while
mortality decreases signi cantly
- 3rd phase (medical advances etc.) — fertility decreases more, while mortality starts to
stabilize
4
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