ATI TEAS 6 EXAM S cience Study Guide (Anatomy and Physiology). Science
Cell
Cell: basic organizational unit of all living things. One thing in common is they all have membranes
(phospholipids).
Cell structure organization: All cells contain DNA, and RNA & can synthesize proteins. Consists of
nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
oTissues: Cells that are grouped together
oOrgans: Tissues that are grouped together
oSystems: Organs that are grouped together
oOrganism: A complete individual
Nuclear parts of a cell
oNucleus: contains chromosomes, & regulates DNA of the cell. Defining structure of eukaryotic
cells (they all have nucleus). Passes genetic traits between generations. Contains nuclear envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, & ribosomes.
oChromosomes: thread like rods of DNA. Short deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is the genetic
material that stores information about the plant/animal.
oChromatin: DNA & Protein makeup chromosomes
oNucleolus: Proteins, small/round doesn’t have membrane. Protein synthesis, synthesizes &
stores RNA.
oNuclear envelope: Encloses structures within nucleus. Made of lipids.
oNuclear pores: Exchange materials between the nucleus * cytoplasm
oNucleoplasm: Liquid like cytoplasm, within nucleus.
Cell Membranes
Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane): Semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins. Made of phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer
facing inside the cell, hydrophobic ends facing each other.
oHydrophilic: Water loving, can dissolve water
oHydrophobic: Hates water, can’t dissolve water
Selective Permeability
o Selective Permeability with regards to size, charge, and solubility.
Cell structure
oRibosomes: synthesize proteins from amino acids.
oGolgi apparatus: synthesize materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell. Near
nucleus & consists of layers of membranes.
oVacuoles: Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal. One large in plant cells/ Animal
cells are small or have numerous.
oVesicle: Has membrane, & can move materials within the cell.
oCytoskeleton: Microtubules that shape and support the cell.
oMicrotubules: Part of cytoskeleton & help support cell. Made of protein.
oCytosol: Liquid material within the cell. Mostly water & had floating materials.
oCytoplasm: Cytosol & organelles found within the plasma membrane, not within nucleus!
oCell membrane: Barrier that keeps materials out of cell. Determines what’s allowed in and out.
oRough Endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes on the surface, produce & store proteins oSmooth Endoplasmic reticulum: Helps store lipids & proteins.
oMitochondrion: Generate ATP, involved in cell growth & death. Contain their own DNA aside
from the one within the nucleus.
Functions: Produce energy, cell signaling, cellular differentiation, cell cycle & growth
regulation. Can also have aerobic respiration.
Animal Cell Structure
oCentrosome: Mitosis & the cell cycle occur here
oCentriole: Cellular division
oLysosome: Digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Help remove undigested substances.
oCilia: Appendages that cause a cell to move & can move fluid
oFlagella: Tail like structures that help the cell move. A cell usually only has one or a few
flagella. Longer than cilia.
Cell Cycle: Cell reproduces, growth cell, duplication of genetic material, and cell division.
Cell Differentiation: Helps determine the cell type for each cell, process is controlled by genes of each
cell (zygote). Following the directions of the genes, a cell builds certain proteins and other substances to set it apart as a specific type of cell.
Mitosis: DNA replication & Production of new cells
IPMAT=Cytokinesis
oInterphase: Cell prepares to divide by replicating genetic & cytoplasmic material. (G 1, S, G2)
oProphase: Chromatic thickens & nuclear membrane disintegrates. Centrioles move to opposite sides
of the cells, and spindle fibers form. Mitotic spindle, formed cytoskeleton parts, moves chromosomes around the cell.
oMetaphase: Spindle moves to the center of the cell. Chromosomes align in the center.
oAnaphase: Sister chromosomes begin to pull apart. When separated they’re called daughter
chromosomes. Grooves appear in the cell. Cell begins to furrow.
oTelophase: Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reform, and chromosomes turn into chromatin.
In animal cells membrane is pinched, in plant cell a new cell wall begins to form. Splits into two.
oCytokinesis: Physical splitting of the cell.
Meiosis: Reproduction of gametes zygote oProphase I: Parent cell's nuclear membrane begins to disappear, spindles form
oMetaphase I: Chromosomes line up with homogonous chromosomes. Crossing over may occur
oAnaphase I: Homogonous chromosomes are separated, so one of each goes to either side
oTelophase I: Cell separates, cytokinesis occurs
oProphase II: Almost simultaneous with Telaphase I; new spindles form and attach to centromeres
oMetaphase II: Chromosomes line up again, and some crossing over may occur
oAnaphase II: Sister chromatids pulled apart at centromeres, towards poles
oTelophase II: Cell separates, nuclear membranes form, cytokinesis occurs
oInterphase: Diploid sex cells have double the normal chromosomes necessary
Tissues
Categories of Tissues
oEpithelial: Cells are tightly joined. Ex. Skin
oConnective: May be dense, loose, or fatty. Protects and binds body parts. Ex. Bone tissue,
cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph.
oCartilage: Cushions & provides structural support for body parts. Jelly like base and
fibrous.
oBlood: Blood transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes. Carries hormones and defends
against diseases.
oBone: Hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues & organs. Marrow produces red
blood cells.
oMuscle: Helps support and move the body.
1. Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
o Nervous: Located inside the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons form network through the body that control responses to changes in the external and internal environment. Some send signals to muscles and glands to trigger responses.
Organs
Mammals 11 organ systems
1)Integumentary system
2)Respiratory system
3)Cardiovascular system
4)Endocrine system
5)Nervous system
6)Immune system
7)Digestive system
8)Excretory system
9)Muscular system
10)Skeletal system 11)Reproductive system
Three Primary Body Planes
oTransverse (horizontal): Superior and inferior
oSagittal plane: Right and left sections.
