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Anthro 7 Final Exam UCLA – Questions With Answers
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Anthro 7 Final Exam UCLA – Questions With AnswersEXPLAIN HOW AND WHY LIFE HISTORY TRAITS TEND TO BE BUNDLED
TOGETHER IN PARTICULAR WAYS Correct Ans - Organism with
fast/short life history will be small, reproduce early, large litters, short
gestation, short life span. Usually these organisms have high predation rates
Organisms with long life history are larger, longer juvenile period, small
litters, long gestation, longer life span
Long life history organisms also have larger brains because they will live
longer. Brain is an expensive organ to upkeep, selection will not favor larger
brains organisms with short life histories.
EXPLAIN WHY EVEN THOUGH NATURAL SELECTION FAVORS TRAITS THAT
PROMOTE SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION, SENESCENCE (AGING/DEATH) IS
THOUGHT TO BE AN ADAPTATION PRODUCED BY NATURAL SELECTION
Correct Ans - Selective pressures are much weaker on traits that only
affect the old. Older organisms would have already reproduced. Carriers of
alleles that kills the young will be acted upon because they will not survive to
produce children.
Selection would rather act on the allele that kills the young instead of the old.
DESCRIBE THE MAJOR HYPOTHESES THAT HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO
EXPLAIN WHY PRIMATES HAVE LARGER BRAINS THAN MOST MAMMALS.
PROVIDE ONE PIECE OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR EACH. Correct Ans
- Social Intelligence hypothesis- In social groups primates compete for
food, resources, grooming partners and mates. There are formation of social
bonds (coalitions). The larger the group, harder it is to sustain social bonds/
keep track of relationships.
ex.) Robin Dunbar measures neocortex ratio. His analyses indicate primates
in larger groups have larger neocortex ratio than primates in smaller groups
Extracted Foods hypothesis- This links increased brain size to ecological
challenges, behavioral flexibility and innovations. Natural Selection favored
changes in primate brain that enhanced primate to invent solutions, learn new
behaviors/skills. Primates also rely on foods that require complex process
techniques.
, ex.)Reader and Laland -> primates with larger brains are more likely to
innovate, learn from others, use tools.
DEFINE TRIADIC AWARENESS AND GIVE EXAMPLES OF STUDIES THAT
DEMONSTRATE TRIADIC AWARENESS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES
Correct Ans - Triadic awareness: individuals are aware of relationships
outside of themselves (3rd parties). A knows relationship between B and C.
ex.) playback experiment with vervet. Played infant scream and mother
looked towards speaker, recognizing her infant's scream. Other vervet females
looked at mother, because they recognized that the scream belonged to her
offspring.
ex.) After a fight, the losing vervet will take revenge on his opponents kin. He
recognizes who is related to his opponent.
WHAT IS THEORY OF MIND (ToM) AND WHAT EVIDENCE HAS BEEN
COLLECTED Correct Ans - Theory of mind is the ability for an
individual to be aware of the thoughts/knowledge of other individuals.
Generally thought that only humans and chimpanzees possess theory of mind.
ex.)Menzel showed one chimp where food was hidden. Then he released
knowledgable chimp with other chimps. The other chimps realized that if they
followed the knowledgeable chimp, the would find food. The knowledgeable
chimp learned if he lead the other chimps to a different location, he could later
dash off and retrieve the hidden food alone
EXPLAIN HOW SCARCITY OF FOSSIL EVIDENCE CAN DISTORT
(A) PHYLOGENIC RECONSTRUCTION
(B) ESTIMATES OF TIME RANGE OF FOSSIL SPECIES Correct Ans -
Phylogeny- tree inferred from incomplete data and scarcity of fossil evidence
-links e/a species to closest know ancestor, means assigning inappropriate
ancestors to fossils/modern species
Most lineages are probably older than oldest fossil discovered.
EXPLAIN HOW RADIOMETRIC DATING TECHNIQUES WOR Correct Ans -
Based on the fact that isotopes of certain elements are unstable. Change
spontaneously from one isotope to another of same element or to entirely
different element.
Potassium-argon dating-dating age of rock or mineral by measuring rate at
which potassium-40 transformed into argon.
, Carbon-14 dating- By measuring ratio of carbon-14 to stable carbon-12 in
organic remains, scientists can estimate the length of time passed since
organism died.
Thermoluminescence dating- date crystalline materials by measuring density
of trapped electrons in crystal lattice
Electron spin resonance dating- date fossil teeth by measuring density of
electrons trapped in apatite crystals in teeth
uranium-lead dating- dating zirconium crystals in igneous rock based on ratio
of uranium to lead
WHAT IS THE METAPHOR OF THE "RED QUEEN" AS APPLIED TO
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION? WHAT DOES IT HAVE TO DO W GEOLOGICAL
RECORD OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER PAST 65 MIL YEARS? Correct Ans -
Lewis Carol's "Through the Looking Glass" the Red Queen says "Now, here,
you see, it takes all the running you can d, to keep in the same place." Van
Valen coined "Red Queen" because species have to "run," or evolve, in order to
stay in the same place (alive) or become extinct.
Over past 65 million years temperature of world has been variable, and
hypothesis proposed that organisms must constantly adapt in order to
maintain reproductive advantage but to simply survive in ever-changing
enviorment
DESCRIBE SKELETAL TRAITS CORRELATED WITH BIPEDALISM AND WHY
EACH TRAIT IS IMPORTANT FOR EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF BIPEDAL
PRIMATE. Correct Ans - -Pelvis
-Abductors- muscles provide torque
-Distribution of cortical bone in the femur- cortical bone is thicket along lower
edge of femoral neck
-Knee joint- knee lies close to centerline of body. Human femur slants down
and inward . Lower end angles at knee joint to make proper contact w bones
of lower leg
-Feet- longitudinal arch and humanlike angle
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