Why is there an arbitrary relation between form (sounds) and meaning
(concepts) Correct Ans - - different sounds in different languages can
represent the same meaning (ex. house vs casa)
- same sounds in different languages can represent different meanings (taka
can mean hawk in japanese or money in bengali)
Sound symbolism Correct Ans - words whose pronunciation suggests
their meaning
What is onomatopoeia and why are they different in different languages
despite association with the same objects/actions Correct Ans - -a
word that imitates the sound it represents
- sounds differ from language to language to reflect the sound system of the
language (gobble gobble vs glu-glu in Turkey)
Creative aspect of language Correct Ans - being able to produce an
infinite number of sentences never spoken before and to understand
sentences never heard before
Grammar Correct Ans - - set of unconcious rules that are responsible
for our linguistic creativity
- allows us to recognize which sentences are acceptable vs unacceptable
Linguistic competence Correct Ans - our knowledge of words and
grammar (what we know)
Linguistic performance Correct Ans - how we use knowledge in actual
speech production and comprehension
Why does linguistic performance not reflect linguistic competence?
Correct Ans - we may stammer, pause, or produce slips of the tongue
unintentionally and are able to correct ourselves
Phonology Correct Ans - the rules for combining sounds to make
words
morphology Correct Ans - rules of word formation
,syntax Correct Ans - rules for combining words into sentences
semantics Correct Ans - rules for assigning meaning
lexicon Correct Ans - mental dictionary
descriptive grammar Correct Ans - type of grammar that is more
concerned with how language is ACTUALLY USED rather than the rules of
grammar that might be taught in school
prescriptive grammar Correct Ans - type of grammar that is more
concerned with how language SHOULD be used rather than what is actually
used
prestige dialect Correct Ans - variety of the language spoken by people
in positions of power
teaching grammar Correct Ans - a set of language rules written to help
speakers learn a foreign language or a different dialect of their language.
why are sign languages the best evidence for language universals Correct
Ans - - components of sign language are similar to spoken languages
- system of gestures = system of sounds
- slips of the hand = slips of the tongue
dialect Correct Ans - a variety of language whose grammar differs in
systematic ways from other varieties
- differences can be lexical, phonological, syntactic, and semantic
dialect continuum Correct Ans - - there is no sudden major break
between dialects
- dialects merge into one another
dialectal leveling Correct Ans - movement toward greater uniformity
and less variation among dialects
regional dialects Correct Ans - dialect that forms when various
linguistic difference accumulate in a geographic region
, accents Correct Ans - regional phonological or phonetic distinctions
example of phonological differences between dialects Correct Ans - -
british english vs american english
- chewsday vs tuesday
example of lexical differences between dialects Correct Ans - - soda vs
pop
- shades vs curtains
example of syntactic differences between dialects Correct Ans - "John
and Mary will eat" vs "John will eat and Mary"
dialect areas Correct Ans - concentrations defined by different word
usages and varying pronunciations
isogloss Correct Ans - a boundary that separates regions in which
different language usages predominate
social dialects Correct Ans - dialect differences that seem to come
about because of social factors
standard dialect Correct Ans - dominant or prestige dialect
- ex. SAE
arbitrariness of standard usage (aka why is there nothing inherently better or
worse about one pronunciation to another?) Correct Ans - r-less
pronunciation is more prestigious in British English vs r-drop is considered
substandard in American English
genderlects Correct Ans - different ways of talking for males and
females
- women tend to use more formal/polite forms more frequently than men
labov study Correct Ans - - sociolinguistic analysis in NYC that focused
on the rule of r-dropping and its use by upper, middle, and lower class
speakers
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Studyhall. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.