CMMB 413 FINAL Questions with complete solution 2024
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CMMB
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CMMB
CMMB 413 FINAL Questions with complete solution 2024 Populations are - correct answer Local groups of people sharing a common gene pool
Populations can be described by - correct answer Age structure, geography, birth and death rates, and allele frequencies
Population Genetics is the study...
CMMB 413 FINAL
Populations are - correct answer Local groups of people sharing a common gene pool
Populations can be described by - correct answer Age structure, geography, birth and death rates, and allele frequencies
Population Genetics is the study of - correct answer Genetic variation and how genes and genotypes are
maintained or change in populations
Gene Pool - correct answer All the alleles in a population
Allele Frequency can - correct answer change from generation to generation
Long term change in allele frequency is - correct answer Evolutionary change
Polymorphisms have a frequency of - correct answer 1% or greater in the population
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Law (7) - correct answer 1) The population is large enough that there are no sampling errors in measuring allele frequencies
2) All genotypes are equally able to reproduce
3) Mating in the population is random 4) No migration into or out of population
5) No new mutations are occuring 6) No matings between different generations
7) All matings produce the same # offspring
p+q=1 - correct answer p= frequency for dominant allele
q= frequency for recessive allele
p²+2pq+q²=1 - correct answer p² and q²:chance of fertilized egg carrying same alleles (i.e AA or aa); frequencies of the dominant and recessive genotypes
2pq: chance of fertilized egg carrying different alleles (Aa); frequency of the heterozygous genotype
Genetic equilibrium - correct answer the allele frequency for a particular gene remains constant between generations
*why dominant alleles don't replace recessive; if allele frequencies change then the population is not in equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg can be used to - correct answer Estimate frequencies of autosomal dominant and recessive alleles Detect allele frequency changes
Measure the frequency of heterozygous carriers of deleterious recessive alleles in a population
X-Linked Traits, females carry (___) _____ of the alleles and males (___) carry ______ of the alleles - correct answer XX, 2/3
XY , 1/3 The number of males with _______ phenotype _____ the allele frequency for the X-linked _______ trait - correct answer mutant, equals, recessive
Frequency of X-linked trait in males is ___
Frequency of the trait in females is ____ - correct answer q
q²
Frequency of multiple alleles - correct answer Allele frequencies: p+q+r=1
Genotype frequencies: (p+q+r)²=1
p²+2pq+2pr+2rq+r²+q²=1
Factors that disrupt H-W Equilibrium - correct answer Non-random mating
Founder effects
Genetic drift
Migration and Gene Flow
Selection
Stratification (non-random mating) - correct answer effectively separate breeding populations
eg. sickle cell disease; frequency is ~10x higher as minorities mate within the group
Assortative Mating (non-random mating) - correct answer mating pattern in which phenotypically similar individuals mate more frequently
Consanguinity and Inbreeding (non-random mating) - correct answer breeding within kin Hutterites - correct answer Genetic isolate
Average degree of relatedness is 2nd cousins
Founder effects - correct answer Populations start with a small number of individuals, decrease in genetic variation from original population
experience a drastic population decrease for atleast one generation (bottleneck) *type of genetic drift
Genetic Drift - correct answer random fluctuations of allele frequencies from generation to generation in small, isolated populations
Migration and Gene flow - correct answer slow diffusion of genes across a barrier merger of a different 'migrant' gene pool into the larger population
Selection - correct answer the primary force that leads to evolutionary divergence and new species
increases the reproductive success of certain genotypes
Natural selection is _______, it acts on _____, and is ________ - correct answer difference in reproduction as a result of differences in fitness
genetic diversity, major force in driving evolution
Fitness - correct answer A measure of the relative survival and reproductive success of a specific individual or genotype
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