Ans: 1)Infectious agent= organism with ability to cause disease; greater virulence,
invasiveness, and pathogenicity => increased odds of infection
2) Reservoir: place where microbes can persist and reproduce
3) Portal of Exit: way for microbe to leave the reservoir
4) Mode of transmission: method of microbe transfer from one place to another
5) Portal of entry: opening that allows microbe to enter host
6) Susceptible host: Lacks immunity or physical resistance to prevent invasion by
microbe
Is a circle; each link must be present in sequential order for infection to occur
2). Virulence
Ans: Measure of microbe's ability to invade and create disease
Depends on ability to:
Survive in environment between hosts
Transmit between hosts (moving; adherence)
Proliferate
3). Igm
Ans: Pentamer; primary response, short-lived (<6 months); best at fixing complement
4). Igg
Ans: Monomer; main blood antibody, secondary response; longer lived. opsonization
and toxin neutralization. 4 subclasses
Ans: Leukemia, chemo, congenital disorders, diabetes. If short term (< 2 wks) then
aerobic GNR, Sa, CoNS. IF long term, add fungi (candida, t. glabrata, aspergillus)
11). Abnormalities of cell-mediated immunity
Ans: BMT, HIV, steroids, malnutrition, 3rd tri pregnancy. Bacteria: Intracellular
pathogens (listeria, salmonella, mycobacteria, nocardia, legionella).
Fungi: candida, Cryptococcus, coccidioides, histoplasma. Virus: Herpes group
Also toxoplasma and strongyloides.
12). Abnormalities of humoral immunity
Ans: BMT, HIV, some cancers, aging. Strep pneumo, encapsulated H. flu, Neisseria
meningitidis
13). Preventing infection for immunocompromised patients
Ans: Take thorough patient history. Prepare before starting with all vaccines,
procedures, line placement, screening. Support gastric acidity. Prevent exposures with
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, awesome hygiene, approp food and water precautions, visitor education, no flowers or
plants, and possible abx prophy (for infections that might reactivate or high-risk for
pneumocystis)
14). Mycoplasma spp.
Ans: No cell wall --> limited abx choices. Cause atypical pneumonia. Usually
diagnosed by serology
15). Chlamydiae
Ans: obligate intracellular parasites. Elementary body=infectious, reticulated=
intracellular. DFA or ELISA for detection of antigen is most common. Can also detect
antibodies.
16). Rickettsiae
Ans: obligate intracellular parasites. arthropod vectors. Rarely culturing; detected by
serology using ELISA for antibodies.
Ans: % of true neg who test neg; inherent to test
20). Ppv
Ans: Likelihood that a + test represents a true case (% T+/all+); depends on the test
and on prevalence of disease in population
21). Npv
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, Ans: Likelihood that a negative test result is a true non-case (%TN/allN); depends on
test and population prevalence
22). Csf analysis- bacterial mening
Ans: 1000-5000 WBCs, mostly PMNs. Increased pressure. Increased protein .
Decreased glucose. Bacteria seen on smears.
23). Csf analysis- viral mening
Ans: Pressure, glucose normal. Lymphocytes seen, but few WBC in general. Protein
normal-elevated. Nothing on smears.
24). Csf analysis- fungus mening
Ans: Pressure variable. Glucose low, protein high. WBCs vary, but lymphocytes
predominate. India ink smear +.
25). Csf analysis- tb mening
Ans: Pressure variable. Glucose low to megalow. WBCs vary, mostly lymphocytes.
Protein elevated. AFB stain +
26). Cold agglutinins test
Ans: Used to detect antibodies for Mycoplasma pneumoniae or mononucleosis.
Positive test is high titer, with resp Sx indicates M. pneumo infection, viral pneumo, or
primary atypical pneumo
27). Crp test
Ans: Serum sample looking for the CR protein; normal value is none or low CRP.
Indicates current acute inflammation
28). Liver function tests
Ans: chemistry assays on blood; looking for various things including enzymes,
bilirubin, ammonia, and albumin. Generally higher is worse. Helps detect liver problems,
differentiate among liver problems, measure liver damage, and follow response to Tx.
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