NR 302 Final Exam Concepts Elaborated for
Easier Understanding & Exam pass. Latest
Version-2023-Chamberlain University
1). Actual dx
Ans: Actual Diagnosis related to (R/T) ________(Related Factors) as evidenced by
(AEB) ________ (Defining Characteristics)
2). Risk
Ans: Risk for __________as evidenced by _________ (Risk Factors).
3). Readiness
Ans: Readiness for __________as evidenced by "_________" (Defining characteristics).
4). Asthma
Ans: chronic hyper-reactive condition. Obstruction. Wheezing. Dyspnea, increased RR,
use of accessory muscles, anxiety, prolonged expiration.
Palpation- decreased tactile fremitus
Percussion- resonance. Hyperresonance with chronic.
Auscultation- wheezing, decreased voice sounds. Severe; no breath sounds.
5). Atelectasis
Ans: obstruction of airflow. Increased RR, dyspnea, cyanosis, trachea shift to affected
side in severe cases.
Palpation- lack of tactile fremitus. decreased lung expansion on affected side
Percussion- dullness over affected area
Auscultate- absent or diminished but normal breath sounds bilaterally.
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, 6). Chronic bronchitis
Ans: inflammation of tracheobronchial tree. Early morning, congested, chronic
productive cough. White or clear sputum. Wheezes or rhonchi. Dyspnea, tachypnea, use
of accessory muscles.
7). Emphysema
Ans: COPD. Obstruction of the alveoli. Tripod posture. Use of accessory muscles.
Cyanosis. Clubbing of fingers. Pursed lip breathing. SOB on exertion.
Palpation- Absent or decreased tactile fremitus. Decreased chest expansion.
Percussion- Hyper-resonance.
Auscultate- diminished but normal breath sounds bilaterally, decreased vesicular
sounds, wheezing.
8). Copd
Ans: >90 costal angle. Barrel chest AP=T. ↓ Tactile fremitus palp. Tripod posture. Use
of accessory muscles. Cyanosis. Clubbing of fingers. Pursed lip breathing. SOB on
exertion.
9). Lobular pneumonia
Ans: infection of the alveoli, Consolidation. Tachypnea, congested, hacking,
productive cough, chills, chest pain with breathing. Mucosal edema. Sputum- rust.
Palpation- increased tactile fremitus. Decreased chest expansion on affected side.
Percussion- dullness over affected area.
Auscultation- Egophony changes e to a. Clear Whispered pectoriloguy & bronchophony.
Bronchial breath sounds and crackles.
10). Pleural effusion
Ans: fluid in the pleural space. Dyspnea. Tracheal shift to unaffected side.
Palpation- Absent or decreased tactile fremitus. decreased chest expansion side
affected.
Percussion- Dullness
Auscultation- unilateral lung sounds. Decreased/absent breath/voice sounds. Pleural
rub.
11). Pneumothorax
Ans: air in pleural space, collapse of the lung. Tachypnea, tracheal shift to unaffected
side.
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, Palpation- Decreased Tactile fremitus. Unilateral decrease or delay in respiratory
expansion.
Percussion- Hyper-resonance
Auscultation- unilateral of normal lung sounds. Decreased/absent breath/voice sounds.
12). Congestive heart failure
Ans: Increased pressure in the pulmonary veins causes interstitial edema around the
alveoli and may cause edema of the bronchial mucosa. Pulmonary congestion.
Increased respiratory rate, shortness of breath (especially on exertion), orthopnea,
peripheral edema, pallor. S3. Hypertrophy. Dry cough.
Palpation- Normal tactile fremitus. Skin cool and clammy.
Percussion- Resonance.
Auscultation-Normal breath sounds and voice sounds. Wheezes or crackles at the bases
of the lungs.
Ans: discontinuous, intermittent, non-musical, and brief. C-collapsed or fluid-filled
alveoli open. end inspiration, do not clear w cough.
16). Fine rales
Ans: soft, high pitched, and very brief.
17). Coarse rales/crackles
Ans: louder, moist, lower in pitch, longer, bubbling.
18). Wheezes (sibilant)
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