612 Theories of Counseling Final Exam questions and answers
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612 Theories of Counse
Institution
612 Theories Of Counse
612 Theories of Counseling Final Exam questions and answers
Four Areas of Development (Behavior Therapy) - ANSWER-1) Classical (or
Respondent) Conditioning
- Refers to what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing
2) Operant Conditioning
- Focuses on a type of learnin...
612
Theories
of
Counseling
Final
Exam
Four
Areas
of
Development
(Behavior
Therapy)
-
ANSWER-1)
Classical
(or
Respondent)
Conditioning
-
Refers
to
what
happens
prior
to
learning
that
creates
a
response
through
pairing
2)
Operant
Conditioning
-
Focuses
on
a
type
of
learning
in
which
behaviors
are
influenced
mainly
by
the
consequences
that
follow
them
3)
Social-Learning
(or
Social-Cognitive)
Approach
-
Gives
prominence
to
the
triadic
reciprocal
interaction
between
an
individual's
behavior,
personal
factors,
and
the
environment
4)
Cognitive
Behavior
Therapy
-
Social
skills
training,
cognitive
therapy,
stress
management
training,
mindfulness,
and
acceptance-based
practices
all
represent
the
cognitive
behavioral
tradition
Describe
Behavior
Therapy
-
ANSWER-*
A
set
of
clinical
procedures
relying
on
experimental
findings
of
psychological
research
-
Based
on
principles
of
learning
that
are
systematically
applied
-
Focus
is
on
the
client's
current
problems
and
on
assessing
behavior
through
observation
or
self-monitoring
*
Largely
action-oriented
and
educational
-
therapist
teaches
clients
skills
of
self-management
*
Behavior
is
something
that
can
be
operationally
defined;
it
includes
overt
actions
as
well
as
internal
processes
*
Change
can
take
place
without
insight
into
underlying
dynamics
and
the
origins
of
a
psychological
problem
*
Behaviorists
ask:
"What
treatment,
by
whom,
is
the
most
effective
for
this
individual
with
that
specific
problem
and
under
which
set
of
circumstances?" *
The
general
goals
of
behavior
therapy
are
to
increase
personal
choice
and
to
create
new
conditions
for
learning
What
is
Functional
Assessment
of
Behavior
-
ANSWER-A-B-C
Model
(Antercedent
>
Behavior(s)
>
Consequence(s)
Describe
Operant
Conditioning
-
ANSWER--
Positive
and
negative
reinforcement
*
Goal:
to
increase
target
behavior
-
Extinction
*
Goal:
to
decrease
or
eliminate
a
behavior
by
withholding
reinforcement
from
a
previously
reinforced
response
-
Positive
and
negative
punishment
*
Goal:
to
decrease
target
behavior
Progressive
Muscle
Relaxation
-
ANSWER--
Progressive
muscle
relaxation
is
a
popular
method
of
teaching
people
to
cope
with
the
stresses
produced
by
daily
living
-
Relaxation
becomes
a
well-learned
response,
which
can
become
a
habitual
pattern
if
practiced
daily
-
Relaxation
procedures
have
been
applied
to
a
variety
of
clinical
problems
ranging
from
chronic
pain
to
panic
disorder
Systematic
Desensitization
-
ANSWER--
Based
on
classical
conditioning,
SD
was
developed
by
Joseph
Wolpe
-
SD
is
effective
in
reducing
maladaptive
anxiety
and
treating
anxiety-related
disorders,
particularly
specific
phobias
-
SD
entails
relaxation
training,
development
of
a
graduated
anxiety
hierarchy,
and
presentation
of
hierarchy
items
while
client
is
deeply
relaxed
Exposure
Therapies
-
ANSWER--
In
Vivo
Desensitization
*
Involves
client
exposure
to
the
actual
anxiety-evoking
events
rather
than
simply
imagining
these
situations
-
Flooding *
In
vivo
or
imaginal
exposure
to
anxiety-evoking
stimuli
for
a
prolonged
period
of
time
without
the
feared
consequences
-
Eye
Movement
Desensitization
and
Reprocessing
(EMDR)
*
An
exposure-based
therapy
*
Involves
imaginal
flooding,
cognitive
restructuring,
and
the
use
of
rhythmic
eye
movements
and
other
bilateral
stimulation
to
treat
traumatic
stress
disorders
*
Extensive
research
has
validated
EMDR
Social
Skills
Training
-
ANSWER--
Helps
clients
develop
and
achieve
skills
in
interpersonal
competence
-
May
involve
behavioral
procedures
(e.g.,
psychoeducation,
modeling,
behavior
rehearsal,
and
feedback)
-
If
clients
can
correct
their
problematic
behaviors
in
practice
situations,
they
can
then
apply
these
new
skills
in
daily
life
Self-Management
Programs
-
ANSWER--
In
S-M
programs
people
make
decisions
concerning
specific
behaviors
they
want
to
control
or
change
-
The
process
includes
selecting
goals,
translating
goals
into
target
behaviors,
self-monitoring,
working
out
a
plan
for
change,
and
evaluating
an
action
plan
-
S-M
strategies
have
been
successfully
applied
to
many
populations
and
problems
Multimodel
Therapy
-
ANSWER--
A
comprehensive,
systematic,
holistic
approach
to
behavior
therapy
developed
by
Arnold
Lazarus
-
Grounded
in
social-cognitive
theory
-
Applies
diverse
behavioral
techniques
to
a
wide
range
of
problems;
it
encourages
technical
eclecticism
Multimodal
Therapy:
BASIC
ID
-
ANSWER--
The
complex
personality
of
human
beings
can
be
divided
into
seven
major
areas
of
functioning:
B
=
behavior
A
=
affective
responses
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