TEST BANK FOR PHARMACOLOGY AND THE
NURSING PROCESS 10TH EDITION WITH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
[GRADED A+]ACTUAL EXAM 100%
bronchodilators overview - CORRECT ANSWER-Bronchodilators are an
important part of the pharmacotherapy for all respiratory diseases. These
drugs relax bronchial smooth muscle, which causes dilation of the bronchi
and bronchioles that are narrowed as a result of the disease process. There
are three classes of such drugs: beta adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics,
and xanthine derivatives.
beta andregenic drug overview - CORRECT ANSWER-The beta-adrenergic
agonists are a group of drugs that are commonly used during the acute phase
of an asthmatic attack to quickly reduce airway constriction and restore
airflow to normal. They are agonists of the adrenergic receptors in the
sympathetic nervous system. The beta and alpha adrenergic receptors are
discussed in Chapters 18 and 19. The beta agonists imitate the effects of
norepinephrine on beta receptors. For this reason, they are also called
sympathomimetic bronchodilators. The beta agonists are categorized by
,their onset of action. Short-acting beta agonist (SABA) inhalers include
albuterol (Ventolin), levalbuterol (Xopenex), pirbuterol (Maxair), terbutaline
(Brethine), and metaproterenol (Alupent). Long-acting beta agonist (LABA)
inhalers include arformoterol (Brovana), formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), and
salmeterol (Serevent). The newest long-acting beta agonists are indacterol
(Arcapta Neohaler); vilanterol in conjunction with fluticasone (Breo Ellipta);
and vilanterol in conjunction with the anticholinergic umeclidinium (Anoro
Ellipta). The term Ellipta refers to a new delivery system. Because the long-
acting beta agonists (LABAs) have a longer onset of action, they must never
be used for acute treatment. Patients must be taught to use the short-acting
beta agonist (SABA) as rescue treatment.
short acting beta agonist - CORRECT ANSWER-albuterol (Ventolin),
levalbuterol (Xopenex), pirbuterol (Maxair), terbutaline (Brethine), and
metaproterenol (Alupent).
Albuterol - CORRECT ANSWER-Class : beta 2 agonist (short acting)
Indications and mechanisms of action: is a short-acting beta2-specific
bronchodilating beta agonist. Other similar drugs include bitolterol
(Tornalate), levalbuterol (Xopenex), pirbuterol (Maxair), and terbutaline
(Brethine). Albuterol is the most commonly used drug in this class. If
albuterol is used too frequently, dose-related adverse effects may be seen,
because albuterol loses its beta2-specific actions, especially at larger
dosages
Contraindications :. As a consequence, the beta1 receptors are stimulated,
which causes nausea, increased anxiety, palpitations, tremors, and an
increased heart rate.
,Route: po and inhalation
Other facts: levorotatory isomeric form of albuterol, levalbuterol, is
sometimes prescribed as an albuterol alternative for patients with certain
risk factors (e.g., tachycardia, including tachycardia associated with
albuterol treatment). (Lilley 583)
Lilley, Linda, Shelly Collins, Julie Snyder. Pharmacology and the Nursing
Process, 8th Edition. Mosby, 022016. VitalBook file.
long acting beta agonist - CORRECT ANSWER-arformoterol (Brovana),
formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), and salmeterol (Serevent). The newest
long-acting beta agonists are indacterol (Arcapta Neohaler); vilanterol in
conjunction with fluticasone (Breo Ellipta); and vilanterol in conjunction with
the anticholinergic umeclidinium (Anoro Ellipta)
beta andregenic mechanism of action and drug effect - CORRECT
ANSWER-The beta agonists relax and dilate airways by stimulating the beta2-
adrenergic receptors located throughout the lungs.
582
There are three subtypes of these drugs, based on their selectivity for beta2
receptors:
1. Nonselective adrenergic drugs, which stimulate the beta, beta1 (cardiac),
and beta2 (respiratory) receptors. Example: epinephrine. (NOTE: Epinephrine
inhalers were taken off the market in 2012 because they did not comply with
FDA requirements). Epinephrine is available as a prefilled syringe for self-
administration by patients with severe allergic reactions and is called EpiPen
(Figure 37-2).
, 2. Nonselective beta-adrenergic drugs, which stimulate both beta1 and beta2
receptors. Example: metaproterenol.
3. Selective beta2 drugs, which primarily stimulate the beta2 receptors.
Example: albuterol.
These drugs can also be categorized according to their routes of
administration as oral, injectable, or inhaled. The various beta agonist
bronchodilators are listed in Table 37-3. The bronchioles are
surrounded by smooth muscle. When the smooth muscle contracts, the
airways are narrowed and the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchanged is reduced. The action of beta agonist bronchodilators
begins at the specific receptor stimulated and ends with the
relaxation and dilation of the airways. However, many reactions must
take place at the cellular level for bronchodilation to occur. When a
beta2-adrenergic receptor is stimulated by a beta agonist, adenylate
cyclase is activated and produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP). Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme needed to make cAMP. The
increased levels of cAMP cause bronchial smooth muscles to relax,
which results in bronchial dilation and increased airflow into and out
of the lungs.
Nonselective adrenergic agonist drugs such as epinephrine also
stimulate alpha-ad
indications of beta andregenics - CORRECT ANSWER-The primary
therapeutic effect of the beta agonists is the prevention or relief of
bronchospasm related to bronchial asthma, bronchitis, and other pulmonary
diseases. However, they are also used for effects outside the respiratory
