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Summary Chemical equilibrium

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Biology digital notes for highschool students. Easy to read and understand illustrative notes. Detailed explanation of every topic. Reading of this document is tough for understanding the important concepts of the topic

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  • March 7, 2024
  • 26
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary
  • Secondary school
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Chemical equilibrium -




Irreversible Chemical reaction
1) Acid - base reaction
2) reactions with precipitates
Acid + base → salt + water

Note: for the reaction to be irreversible, either acid or base must se
strong.
>
-




HU + NaOH >
-
Nall + H2O
Irreversible
H2SOy + 2 NaOH
NazSOy + 2 H20

CH3COOH + NaOH CHzCOONa + H2O -




CHICOOH + NHyOH CHzCOONHy + H20
:
Reversible


Group I

Cation: Group
reagent:
3-i Ele P4'95 Dilute HCl
+

Hg2
+2


Agt Pb


PbCz
AgU ppt HgUz ppt ppt

Agf
+

aq Ag F-
~


not
ppt

, Question among the following which is soluble in water?


AgU HgUz PbUz
Agf
HgFz HgUz HgBr Hg I

PbFz PbU2 PbBez PbIz



AgNOz + Nall
AgU (ppt + NaNOs-

Pb NOs)c + 2 KU PbUz + 2
KNOz Irreversible


Hg NOs)2 + CHU
HgClz + 2 HNOs-


Group ll
Group
reagent: H2S
A
24 9 Ei PUDIGTT &Tcd (in presence
+2 of HCl)
Bits
Hgt
2
Cut
+
Pb (d


CuSppt BizSsppt HgS ppt PbS ppt CdSppt

B
·




211 E 212
#d
+ 4+ + 3 +S
Sp2 As Sb
+3 + S




SnS2 ,
SnS ; As233 ; As235 ; ppt

, Cull2 + NazS CUS ppt + 2Nal-


Hg(NO3)2 + HaS
HgS ppt + 2 HNOs Irreversible


2Bi (NOs)3 + 3 NazS BizSs ppt +
6NaNOs-


Group lll

Wit d d2 Group reagent:
+3 +3
(p
+3 NH4OH (in
f Al
presence of dol
HCL)
Fe(OH) s ppt AlOH
, ppt CrOH , ppt


FeClz + 3 NaOH >
Fe(OH) 3 ppt + 3 NaH

CrUz + 3 NHyOH G(OH) 3 ppt + 3
NHiCe Irreversible


Ag (Nos) + 3 NaOH Al(OH) ppt +
3
3 NaNOs-
3



Group lV
Group reagent:
H2S gas (in
Poldhad presence of
2+ + NH4OH)
Nit2 Cot2 Mu In 2


NiS ppt CoS MnS ppt In
ppt Sppt
2 Nall-
NiCk2 NaaS NiSppt
+ > +


Irreversible
Co(NOs)3 +
HaS >
CoSppt +
2 HNOs -

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