Bipolar Disorder and Depression Study Guide
Bipolar I disorder
Characterized by one or more episodes of mania and one or more depression episodes. It is the most severe type of bipolar disorder and is typically treated with antipsychotics.
Bipolar II disorder
Characterized by one or more epi...
Bipolar Disorder and Depression Study Guide
Bipolar I disorder
Characterized by one or more episodes of mania and one or more depression episodes.
It is the most severe type of bipolar disorder and is typically treated with antipsychotics.
Bipolar II disorder
Characterized by one or more episodes of hypomania and one or more depression
episodes. It is less severe than bipolar I disorder.
Antiepileptic medications
Include valproate and carbamazepine (Tegretol), used to treat bipolar disorder.
Valproate may lead to hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, thrombocytopenia, teratogenesis,
and weight gain. Carbamazepine may cause blood dyscrasias, teratogenesis,
hyperosmolarity, skin disorders, and CNS side effects.
Lithium levels
Therapeutic range is 0.8 - 1.2 mEq/L. Below range (0.8) may lead to manic behaviors,
within range (0.8-1.2) is therapeutic, and above range (1.2) indicates lithium toxicity.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Indicated for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and acute
manic episodes. Contraindications include cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular
disorders, and seizures. Complications may include memory loss, confusion,
cardiovascular changes, and reactions to anesthesia.
MAOIs
Foods to avoid include cured or smoked meats, aged or fermented cheeses, aged or
cured fish, fermented or pickled foods, beer, and red wine.
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
Provides electrical stimulation through a device surgically implanted under the skin of
the client's chest, often used for major depressive disorder, anxiety, obesity, and pain.
Complications may include voice changes, hoarseness, throat or neck pain, cough, and
dyspnea.
Grief
Refers to the inner emotional response to loss, while mourning includes the outward
display of loss. Types of loss include necessary, actual, perceived, maturational, and
situational. Theories of grief include Kubler-Ross's 5 stages, Bowlby's 4 stages, Engel's
5 stages, and Worden's 4 tasks.
Signs of depression
Include anergia, anhedonia, sluggishness, somatic complaints, and vegetative findings
such as changes in eating patterns, bowel habits, sleep disturbances, and interest in
sexual activity.
Antidepressants
Include SSRIs, TCAs, SNRIs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. SSRIs are the
leading treatment for depression, while TCAs and SNRIs have their own specific side
effects and interactions.
Bipolar disorder
Mood disorders with recurrent episodes of depression and mania. Mania is
characterized by abnormally elevated mood, rapid thoughts, actions, speech, and
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