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Biology 112 Midterm Exam Solved 100%
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Biology 112 Midterm Exam Solved 100%
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Biology 112 Midterm Exam Solved 100%Population - ANS-a group of individuals of the species living in the same geographic area at the same time
Transitional Features - ANS-a trait in a fossil species that is intermediate between those
of ancestral and derived (younger) species
Vestigial Traits - ANS-a reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function or reduced function, but is clearly similar to functioning organs or structures in closely related species
Homologous Structures - ANS-Structures in different species that are similar because of
common ancestry.
Analogous Structures - ANS-similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution
Biogeography - ANS-the study of how species and populations are distributed geographically
Phylogeny - ANS-the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Homology - ANS-similarity among organisms of different species due to their inheritance from a common ancestor. Features that exhibit such similarity (DNA sequences, proteins, body parts) are said to be homologous
Developmental Homology - ANS-recognized in embryos,
Structural Homology - ANS-Similarities in organismal structures (e.g., limbs, shells, flowers) that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
Adaptation - ANS-any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with that trait, compared with individuals without the trait, in a particular environment
Allele - ANS-a particular version of a gene
Mutation - ANS-any change in the hereditary material of an organism (DNA in organisms, RNA in viruses) those only source alleles in populations
Variation - ANS-(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration Natural Selection - ANS-the process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits, often leading to a change in the genetic makeup of the population
Fitness Trade-Off - ANS-in evolutionary biology an inescapable compromise between two traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously
Directional Selection - ANS-a mode of natural selection that favors the extreme phenotype with the result that the average phenotype of a population changes in one direction, generally reduces overall genetic variation in a population
Stabilizing Selection - ANS-a mode of natural selection that favors phenotypes near the middle of the range of phenotypic variation, reduces overall genetic variation in a population
Disruptive Selection - ANS-a mode of natural selection that favors the extreme phenotype at both ends of the range of phenotypic variation, maintains overall genetic variation in a population
Genetic Drift - ANS-any change in allele frequencies due to random events causing allele frequencies to drift up and down randomly over time and eventually can lead to fixation of loss alleles
Gene Flow - ANS-the movement of alleles between populations; occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed
Allele Frequency - ANS-is a measure of the relative frequency of an allele on a genetic locus in a population. Usually it is expressed as a proportion or a percentage. In population genetics, allele frequencies show the genetic diversity of a species population or equivalently the richness of its gene pool.
Genotype Frequency - ANS-In population genetics, the genotype frequency is the frequency or proportion (i.e., 0 < f < 1) of genotypes in a population. Although allele and genotype frequencies are related, it is important to clearly distinguish them.
Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium - ANS-a principle of population genetics stating the genotype frequencies in a large population do not change from generation to generation
in the absence of evolutionary processes and nonrandom mating
Allopatric - ANS-speciation that occurs when populations of the same species become geographically isolated often due to dispersal or vicariance
Sympatric - ANS-the divergence of 2 populations within the same geographic area into different species as the result of their genetic (not physical) isolation
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