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Exam 1 Patho NURS 8022 ACTUAL TOPICS WITH ANSWERS

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Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022 ACTUAL TOPICS WITH ANSWERS Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Proteins Integral proteins Peripheral proteins ATP Simple/passive diffusion Simple/passive diffusion Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion Osmosis Primary Active Transport Secondary Active Tra...

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  • February 27, 2024
  • 18
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
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Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022 ACTUAL TOPICS
WITH ANSWERS

1). Negative feedback

 Ans: Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased
insulin by the pancreas


2). Positive feedback

 Ans: Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting,
platelet cascade


3). Proteins

 Ans: Provide selectivity to a membrane


4). Integral proteins

 Ans: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers


5). Peripheral proteins

 Ans: Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors


6). Atp

 Ans: Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd
phosphate groups have abundant energy


7). Simple/passive diffusion

 Ans: Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration


8). Simple/passive diffusion




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,  Ans: Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane is
non permeable to the molecule


9). Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion

 Ans: 1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters
TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)


10). Osmosis

 Ans: Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)


11). Primary active transport

 Ans: Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF
ENERGY


12). Secondary active transport

 Ans: Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in the concentration gradient of another
molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY


13). Na+- k+ atpase

 Ans: Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll cells; enzyme that
converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy


14). Ca2+ atpase

 Ans: Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration




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, 15). H+ atpase

 Ans: - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of
renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold


16). Remember: sodium potassium pump

 Ans: sodium is pumped out of the cell; potassium is pumped in...


17). Secondary active transport; co-transport

 Ans: Co-transport: Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion
(Na+)


18). Counter transport

 Ans: Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+


19). How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility?

 Ans: Increase intracellular Ca2+


20). Ungated ion channels

 Ans: determined by size, shape, distribution of charge


21). Gated ion channels

 Ans: -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)


22). Ion channels

 Ans: Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.


23). Equilibrium potential

 Ans: the diffusion potential that exactly balances or opposes the tendency for
diffusion down the concentration difference.




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