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NGN NCLEX Review Exam/127 Questions and Answers/100% Verified
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NGN NCLEX Review Exam/127 Questionsand Answers/100% Verified
Normal Sodium level - -135-145
-Hyponatremia - -low sodium in the blood
Chronic: Anorexia, Nausea, Emesis, Muscular, Weakness, Irritability
Severe: gait changes, stupor, seizures, coma
-causes of hyponatremia - -Causes of hyponatremia:
Diuretics-Thiazide Drugs
Dietary Changes,Low Na diet,
Excessive water intake with sweating
Fad diets, Anorexia nervosa.
GI vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning,
Tap water enemas,diuretics, kidney disease
-Treatments for hyponatremia - -0.9% NaCl, accurate I&O, vitals (pulse),
watch for signs of water intoxication, monitor blood gases, watch for
respiratory difficulties
-Hypernatremia - -high sodium in the blood
Mild: thirst, rough dry tongue, dry sticky mucous membranes, tachycardia,
fever, flushed dry skin
Severe: disorientation, hallucinations, lethargy, irritability, seizure, coma
-causes of hypernatremia - -Causes:
Dietary Changes-Excessive Salt intake
Excessive IV Saline
Deprivation of water
GI Disorders (Watery Diarrhea)
Decreased Renal Function
Insensible Water Loss
Heat Stroke
Salt water drowning
Head Injury Trauma
-treatments for hypernatremia - -restrict sodium intake, identify drugs that
are sodium retaining, monitor Na levels daily, check for rales, edema in lower
extremities, I&O, Urine specific gravity
-urine specific gravity level - ->1.015
-normal potassium levels - -3.5-5.0 mEq/L
, -hypokalemia - -low potassium
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, ventricular arrhythmias, hypotension,
polyuria, muscle cramps, alkalosis, lethargy
-causes of hyponatremia - -Malnutrition; Alcoholism
Potassium wasting diuretics
Renal Failure, Hyperaldosteronism
Steroids
GI Losses;laxative abuse,diarrhea,vomiting,
gastric suctioning
Trauma & injury, excessive sweating
Alkalosis, Insulin
-treatments for hypokalemia - -oral supplements or food replacement, K
Cl(20-40) meq, Kay Ciel, Kaochlor, oral potassium is extremely irritating to
the stomach and should be diluted in water
-hyperkalemia - -high potassium
Abd cramps
Tachycardia
Widened QRS
Ventricular arrhythmia
Cardiac Arrest
Oliguria
Numbness face, tongue, feet , hands
-causes of hyperkalemia - -Excessive K intake, IV K Infusions
Decreased renal function
K sparing diuretics -Aldactone,Dyrenium
Metabolic Acidosis,Hypergylcemia
Addisons disease
Hemolysis, Chemotherapy
Tissue damage, crush injuries, burns
Drugs: Capotril,Cyclosporin, Heparin, Dig toxicity,Penicillin Salts, Beta
Blockers
-treatments for hyperkalemia - -Potassium restriction
IV sodium bicarb
Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)
Orally given every 4-6 hours and results occur in 1-2 hours
Rectally given has a retention enema every 2-4 hours
Enema removes K in 30-60 minutes
Monitor labs and EKG
-normal calcium levels - -9.0-10.5 mEq/l
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