, Systems of Units. Some Important Conversion Factors
The most important systems of units are shown in the table below. The mks system is also known as
the International System of Units (abbreviated SI ), and the abbreviations sec (instead of s),
gm (instead of g), and nt (instead of N) are also used.
System of units Length Mass Time Force
cgs system centimeter (cm) gram (g) second (s) dyne
mks system meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) newton (nt)
Engineering system foot (ft) slug second (s) pound (lb)
1 inch (in.) ⫽ 2.540000 cm 1 foot (ft) ⫽ 12 in. ⫽ 30.480000 cm
1 yard (yd) ⫽ 3 ft ⫽ 91.440000 cm 1 statute mile (mi) ⫽ 5280 ft ⫽ 1.609344 km
1 kilowatt (kW) ⫽ 1000 watts ⫽ 3414.43 Btu/ h ⫽ 238.662 cal/ s
° F ⫽ ° C • 1.8 ⫹ 32 1° ⫽ 60⬘ ⫽ 3600⬙ ⫽ 0.017453293 radian
For further details see, for example, D. Halliday, R. Resnick, and J. Walker, Fundamentals of Physics. 9th ed., Hoboken,
N. J: Wiley, 2011. See also AN American National Standard, ASTM/ IEEE Standard Metric Practice, Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, N. J. 08854, website at www.ieee.org.
, Differentiation Integration
(cu)⬘ ⫽ cu⬘ (c constant) 冕 uv⬘ dx ⫽ uv ⫺ 冕 u⬘v dx (by parts)
冕 x dx ⫽ nx ⫹ 1 ⫹ c (n ⫽ ⫺1)
n⫹1
n
(u ⫹ v)⬘ ⫽ u⬘ ⫹ v⬘
(uv)⬘ ⫽ u⬘v ⫹ uv⬘ 冕 1x dx ⫽ ln 兩x兩 ⫹ c
u ⬘ u⬘v ⫺ uv⬘
(ᎏ) ⫽ ᎏᎏ 冕 e dx ⫽ 1a e ⫹ c
ax ax
v v2
du du dy
冕 sin x dx ⫽ ⫺cos x ⫹ c
ᎏ⫽ᎏ•ᎏ
冕 cos x dx ⫽ sin x ⫹ c
(Chain rule)
dx dy dx
冕 tan x dx ⫽ ⫺ln 兩cos x兩 ⫹ c
(x n)⬘ ⫽ nxnⴚ1
冕 cot x dx ⫽ ln 兩sin x兩 ⫹ c
(e x)⬘ ⫽ e x
冕 sec x dx ⫽ ln 兩sec x ⫹ tan x兩 ⫹ c
(e ax)⬘ ⫽ ae ax
(a x)⬘ ⫽ a x ln a
冕 csc x dx ⫽ ln 兩csc x ⫺ cot x兩 ⫹ c
(sin x)⬘ ⫽ cos x 冕ᎏ 2
dx
x ⫹a
1
a2
x
⫽ ᎏ arctan ᎏ ⫹ c
a
(cos x)⬘ ⫽ ⫺sin x
冕 ᎏᎏ dx
兹a苶苶⫺
苶苶x 苶 2
x
⫽ arcsin ᎏ ⫹ c
a
2
(tan x)⬘ ⫽ sec2 x
(cot x)⬘ ⫽ ⫺csc2 x 冕 ᎏᎏ dx
兹x苶苶⫹苶a苶 2
x
⫽ arcsinh ᎏ ⫹ c
a
2
(sinh x)⬘ ⫽ cosh x
冕 ᎏᎏ dx
兹x苶苶⫺苶a苶 2
x
⫽ arccosh ᎏ ⫹ c
a
2
(cosh x)⬘ ⫽ sinh x
1
冕 sin x dx ⫽ _ x ⫺ _ sin 2x ⫹ c
2 1
2
1
4
(ln x)⬘ ⫽ ᎏ
x 冕 cos x dx ⫽ _ x ⫹ _ sin 2x ⫹ c
2 1
2
1
4
loga e
(loga x)⬘ ⫽ ᎏ 冕 tan x dx ⫽ tan x ⫺ x ⫹ c
2
x
1
冕 cot x dx ⫽ ⫺cot x ⫺ x ⫹ c
2
(arcsin x)⬘ ⫽ ᎏᎏ
⫺苶x 2苶
兹1苶苶 冕 ln x dx ⫽ x ln x ⫺ x ⫹ c
(arccos x)⬘ ⫽ ⫺ ᎏᎏ
1 冕 e sin bx dx
ax
⫺苶x 2苶
兹1苶苶 eax
⫽ (a sin bx ⫺ b cos bx) ⫹ c
1 a2 ⫹ b 2
(arctan x)⬘ ⫽ ᎏ
1 ⫹ x2
冕eax
cos bx dx
1 eax
(arccot x)⬘ ⫽ ⫺ ᎏ ⫽ 2 (a cos bx ⫹ b sin bx) ⫹ c
1 ⫹ x2 a ⫹ b2
,
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