Unit 1-4 Intro Counselling Exam Questions with Verified Answers
Advocacy - Answer-- helping clients challenge institutional and social barriers that impede academic, career or personal social development
- increases client sense of personal power
Counselling - Answer-- Skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth and the optimal development of personal resources
- focuses on helping client's make change
Guidance - Answer-- process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives (eg. choosing a preferred lifestyle)
- decision oriented
- focuses on helping clients choose what they value most
Leadership - Answer-- influencing a group of individuals to accomplish a goal
- in counselling is geared towards moving towards a managerial leadership to promote camaraderie, performance reviews, productivity etc
Millennium Trends - Answer-- Child and youth care workers
- regulation of counselling --> enduring credibility
- changing roles of men and women
- technology
- trauma and crises
- poverty
- aging
Positive Psychology - Answer-- commitment to personal growth and mental wellness
- study of strength and virtue
- move away from pathology based counselling (diagnoses) and less focus on weakness and damage
Psychologist - Answer-- can gold doctoral degree (of philosophy, education, or doctor of
psychology)
- focus is in either clinical, counselling, or school-related areas
Psychotherapy - Answer-- analytically based therapy, focused more on past than present
- detachment of therapist
- therapists role as an expert and long term involvement
- conducted more through inpatient treatment setting Social Justice - Answer-- reflects a fundamental valuing of fairness and equity in resources, rights and treatment for marginalized individuals and groups of people who do not share the same power in society because of their immigration, racial, ethnic, age,
socioeconomic, religious, physical abilities, gender, sexual orientation status groups
- approach includes helping client identify and challenge environmental limits to their success
Social Work - Answer-- profession concerned with helping people/groups of people enhance their collective well-being, helps people develop skills and ability to use their own and community resources to solve problems
- based on human rights and social justice
Technology-based counselling - Answer-- email facilitated counsellor to counsellor interaction, websites, online professional counselling journals
- fraught with ethical and legal risks
- can be used to enhance services if they follow guidelines on internet counselling
Wellness - Answer-- A way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being in which
body, mind and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully within the human and natural community
Roger F. Aubrey - Answer-- Human development counselling
Aaron Beck - Answer-- Cognitive Therapy
Eric Berne - Answer-- Transactional analysis
Albert Ellis - Answer-- Rational emotive therapy
Lawrence Kohlberg - Answer-- moral development, closely related to cognitive ability and empathy
John Krumboltz - Answer-- behavioural counselling
- focused on learning (instead of insight) as the root of change
Abraham Maslow - Answer-- Maslow's hierarchy of needs (self actualization is point of full potential)
Jane Myers - Answer-- developed model for promoting wellness
Frank Parsons - Answer-- founder of guidance
- focused on growth and prevention
- founded Boston's vocational bureau
Clifford Beers - Answer-- Hospitalized for mental illness and adocated for better mental health facilities and reform in treatment of people with mental illness - his work was the beginning of the mental health movement
Donald Super - Answer-- career development
- advances in developmental psychology
Carl Rogers - Answer-- Humanistic/client centred theories
- first to emphasize client centred approach
- advocated client's responsibility for own growth
E.G. Williamson - Answer-- first theory of counselling
- trait factor or directive theory emphasis on direct, counsellor centred approach (aka Minnesota point of view and trait factor counselling)
- believed task of counsellor was to determined deficiency in client
- work grew from Frank Parsons
- TRAIT FACTOR THEORY: (1) analysis: examining the problem and obtaining available records and testing on the client, (2) synthesis: summarizing and organizing the information to understand the problem, (3) diagnosis: interpreting the problem, (4) counseling: aiding the individual in finding solutions, and (5) follow-up: assuring propers support after counseling had ended.
Define counselling in your own words, using the CCPA definition as a basis for your definition. - Answer-- "The skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-
knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth and the optimal development of personal resources" , - Guided self-discovery and self-help through uncovering personal skill sets to help cope
with emotions and life
Describe the similarities and differences between guidance, counselling, and psychotherapy. - Answer-- Similarities: - All three are based with the goal of helping the client obtain and maintain a better quality of life, - all require a certain level of education and certification to practice
- Differences: - guidance helps people make choices based on their values, - counselling focuses on helping clients make changes, facilitates self-knowledge, focuses on wellness, relationships and conducted mainly on well-functioning individuals
- psychotherapy involves long term treatment and works best in inpatient setting, emphasizes the past, conducted on people with more serious issues
list the major events that influenced the development of counselling from before 1900 to
2000. - Answer-- 1900's: Mental Health Movement & Vocational Guidance movement (Frank Parsons - growth and prevention & Clifford Beers - reform in treatment of the mentally ill, founded Canadian Mental Health Association)
- 1910's - 1940's: Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 - provided funding for public schools for vocational education, WWI - counselling recognized as the military used testing for military personnel, Edward Strong's Strong Vocational Interest Inventory (SVII) - publication set the stage for future directions for assessment in counselling
1930's Great Depression - emphasized helping strategies related to employment WILLIAMSON's first theory of counselling - emphasis on direct, counsellor centred approach (dominated for two decades)
WWII - large role in area of test construction for selecting military personell
**The Meeting that began the CPA: Toronto - E.A. BOTT, George Humphrey, Roy Liddy
→ three wisemen of canadian psychology, published the bulletin which later turned into the Canadian Journal of Psychology
Education as guidance - Josh Brewer - broadening counselling beyond occupational concerns, education should focus on preparing students to live outside the school environment
1940's: Guidance counsellors emerged and provincial guidance associations formed: L'Association des orienteurs de la province de Quebec and Maritime Guidance Association (renamed Atlantic Chapter of the Canadian Counselling association
CARL ROGERS, (The Rogers Revolution) 1940'S - book: Counselling and Psychotherapy - challenged counsellor centred therapy, giving clients responsibility for their own growth, helped be non-judgemental and accepting, serving as a mirror reflecting the verbal and emotional manifestations of the client. 1950's Applied behavioural theories (eg. Systematic Desensitization - Wolpe) and cognitive theories gained infl
identify and briefly discuss at least five important factors that have influenced the development of counselling in Canada since 1960. - Answer-- Canadian Guidance Counsellors Association, 1965, Myrne, and Canadian Journal of Psychotherapy, canada's focus shifted to more preventative and developmental approach
- First counselling section of the Canadian Psychological Association (1986), established criteria for doctoral program → counselling psych a recognized discipline but grew out of Educational counselling thus ** Counselling psychology is housed within
the education faculty not within psych departments reflects unique history
- All important events in U.S history directly contribute to Canada's development of counselling
- The fact that psychological practices are regulated at the provincial level = differences b/w regions but since then bodies have established a Mutual Recognition Agreement, allowing psychs in one region to become registered in another = fewer differences b/w jurisdiction registration requirements
identify five issues in counselling, and describe the challenges they pose for the profession. - Answer-VIOLENCE: bullying and victimization, children who are bullied are
more likely to have achievement problems, poorer health and depression
TRAUMA: emphasis on treatment of stress, acute stress disorder and PTSD, counsellors need specialized training to help these individuals,
