Psy 200 Exam 2 Study Guide
Questions and Answers 2024 Update
100% Solved
What is memoryThe ability of our mind to store & remember information
What is encoding?Encoding is how our brain breaks down information into something we
can understand as well as putting it in terms we can store in ou...
Psy 200 Exam 2 Study Guide
Questions and Answers 2024 Update
100% Solved
What is memory✔✔The ability of our mind to store & remember information
What is encoding?✔✔Encoding is how our brain breaks down information into something we
can understand as well as putting it in terms we can store in our brains.
What is storage?✔✔Storage is placing newly acquired information into memory which is then
later modified
What is retrieval?✔✔the process of getting information out of memory storage
Explain the study by Craik & Tulving (1975)✔✔Researchers presented participants with a series
of words and asked them to make one of three types of judgements
a) Semantic judgement - required the participants to think about the meaning of the word.
b) Rhyme judgements - required the participants to think about the sound of the word.
c) Visual judgements - required the participant to think about the appearance of the word.
The type of judgement task had a powerful impact on their memories. The participants who
made semantic judgements had much better memory for the words than did participants who had
thought about how the word looked or sounded.
**The results of this has shown that long-term retention is greatly enhanced by elaborative
encoding**
What is visual imagery encoding?✔✔storing new information by converting it into mental
pictures
What area of the brain is active during semantic encoding?✔✔Frontal lobe
What area of the brain is active during visual encoding?✔✔Occipital lobe
What is organizational encoding?✔✔the process of categorizing information according to the
relationships among a series of items
What is semantic encoding?✔✔the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
,What is the sensory memory store?✔✔A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few
seconds or less.
What is iconic memory?✔✔a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or
picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
What is echoic memory?✔✔a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is
elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Describe the experiment by Sperling (1960) and how it showed sensory memory exists✔✔Iconic
memory test: When a grid of letters is flashed on screen for only 1/20th of a second, it is difficult
to recall individual letters. But if prompted to remember a particular row immediately after the
grid is shown, research participants will do so with high accuracy.
Sperling used this procedure to demonstrate that although iconic memory stores the whole grid,
the information fades away too quickly for a person to recall everything
How long does sensory memory last?✔✔1/5 to 1/2 of a second
What is short term memory?✔✔a memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of
information in awareness
How long can information stay in short term memory?✔✔Between 15 & 30secs
What is rehearsal?✔✔the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally
repeating it
What is the capacity of short term memory?✔✔+/- 7 items
What is chunking?✔✔organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs
automatically such as a phone number
instead of seeing 1235557890, we'd organize it as 123-555-7890
What is working memory & how does it show the active nature of this type of memory?✔✔What
you're thinking of in that exact moment (short term memory)
Your mind is constantly thinking of different things so your short term memory is constantly
changing with what it was focusing on.
What is long-term memory?✔✔the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory
system
What is capacity?✔✔The amount of information that can be held in a memory store
, What is anterograde amnesia?✔✔inability to form new memories
What is retrograde amnesia?✔✔Inability to remember events that occurred before the incidence
of trauma or the onset of the disease that caused the amnesia
What part of the brain seems to be important in moving information to the long-term memory
store (and is damaged in anterograde amnesia)?✔✔Hippocampus
What is consolidation?✔✔process that maintains, strengthens, and modifies memories that are
already in long-term memory
What is reconsolidation?✔✔the action of reactivating existing memories from the past
Researchers believe that the connections between neurons might be the basis for long-term
memory. What physical changes seem to result from learning?✔✔New neural pathways are
formed in the brain between neurons as we learn new material
What is long-term potentiation?✔✔increase in synaptic plasticity/strength of synapse. key
component of learning.
What are retrieval cues?✔✔external information that helps bring stored information to mind like
a familiar smell or sound
What is the encoding specificity principle?✔✔recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to
the encoding context
example: chewing a piece of gum while studying, then chewing the same piece of gum during
the exam
What is state-dependent retrieval?✔✔The state you're in such as being happy or sad, while
determine which memories etc are more easily retrieved. Your state of consciousness being the
same.
Example if you're depressed you find it easier to recall sad memories/knowledge than if you
were happy.
How does retrieval improve memory?✔✔By practicing retrieval, it can help our brain adapt to
remember more and allow us to store more information for long-term.
What are the different forms of memory?✔✔sensory (very small periods of times)
short-term (lasts around 30 seconds unless you have repetition)
long-term (different forms, what you can remember in a significant period from now)
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