WGU D027 pathopharm Exam2024/2025
with correct Answers
Mechanism of Action for loop diuretics - Answer- block water reasborption in the loop of
Henle of nephron. Increases urine output
Suffix for loop - Answer- -emide
ex: furosemide
cautions in using loop diuretics - Answer- decreased potassium, decreased BP,
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
USE WITH CAUTION in those who have auditory/renal impairments
Suffix for Thiazide Diuretics - Answer- -thiazide
MOA for thiazide diuretics - Answer- blood water reabsorption in distal tube of nephron--
increases urine output
adverse drug reactions for thiazide diuretics - Answer- decreases potassium, increases
uric acid, increases calcium
AVOID use in hx with gout, use cautiously with kidney disease
Contraindicator for thiazide diuretics - Answer- those with sulfa allergies, contains sulfa
group in molecular structure. Also avoid in hx of gout due to increase of uric acid
Aldosterone antagonists MOA - Answer- inhibits aldosterone which results in sodium
loss in the nephron, water follows and is excreted, potassium is retained (potassium
sparing diuretic)
example of an aldosterone antagonist - Answer- Spironolactone
adverse drug reactions for aldosterone antagonists - Answer- high potassium, androgen
blocking (blocks testosterone and causes estrogen effects)
MOA of beta blockers - Answer- block adrenergic effects of Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors
(cause cholinergic effects)
result in low HR and Low BP
,Contraindicators for beta blockers - Answer- chronic respiratory conditions (particularly
for beta 2 blockers)
HR <60 bpm
disguises hypoglycemia symptoms
What does angiotensin 2 do? - Answer- angiotensin II causes vasonconstriction and
secretion of aldosterone, which results in reabsorption of sodium/water in the nephrons
angiotensin 2 converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) suffix and MOA - Answer-
suffix: -pril example: lisinopril
MOA: inhibits ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, therefor prevents
water reabsorption
decreases cardiac workload
decreases BP
Adverse drug reactions for ACE inhibitors - Answer- high potassium, angioedema, dry
cough
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs) suffix and MOA - Answer- suffix: sartan example:
losartan
MOA: prevent Angiotensin2 from binding to receptor sites, which then prevents
reabsorption of water and vasoconstriction
leads to lower BP
Adverse drug reactions of ARBS - Answer- high potassium, angioedema
prefix of cardiac glycosides - Answer- "dig" ex: digoxin
MOA of cardiac glycosides - Answer- block Na/K pump, indirectly changes the calcium
balance, leads to powerful contraction w/ HB
does not lower blood pressure, only HR
FYIs for cardiac glycosides - Answer- measure HR, hold if <60bpm
sx of digoxin toxicity: anorexia, visual disturbance, chest palpitations
Which of the following drugs may cause hypokalemia?
A) torsemide
B) hydrochlorothiazide
C) spironolactone
D) Digoxin - Answer- A and B- Torsemide and HCTZ lower serum potassium due to
increased potassium excretion in the kidneys
D) When entering the circulation, digoxin binds to sodium/potassium pumps which can
also decrease OR increase potassium
ACE inhibitors result in which of the following outcomes? select all that apply:
, a) vasodilation
b) vasoconstriction
c) ADH is inhibited
d) ADH is released
e) increased urination
f) decreased urination - Answer- a)
c)
e)
Which medication may hide symptoms of hypoglycemia in a patient with T1DM? -
Answer- beta blockers
Example of Antiplatelet drug - Answer- clopidogrel (plavix)
MOA of anti-platelet drug - Answer- inhibits fxn of ADP by blocking receptor site on
platelet
adverse drug reactions to clopidogrel/Plavix - Answer- bruising, bleeding, rash, flulike sx
CAUTION with clopidogrel - Answer- avoid ASA/Plavix/ NSAIDS
- stop taking at least 5 days prior to surgery
example of indirect thrombin inhibitor - Answer- heparin, enoxoparin, dalteparin
- parins
MOA of heparin - Answer- inhibits factor 10 (X) and therefor inhibits thrombin formation
- fast acting, short 1/2 life
Antedote for heparin - Answer- protamine sulfate
Lab value evaluated for heparin - Answer- aPTT (activated partial thrombine time)
- looking for 1.5-2.5 x the normal value- so if normal is 25-35 seconds, look for 60-90
seconds
what factors do vitamin k antagonists effect? - Answer- 9a, 7a, 10a, and prothrombin
- decreases fibrin clot formation
what is an example of a vitamin K antagonist - Answer- Warfarin (Coumadin)
What interactions does Warfarin Have? - Answer- anything that contains vitamin K : the
"G" herbal products (Ginko, Green tea, Ginseng, Ginger)
dark leafy greens
Antidote for excessive bleeding caused by warfarin - Answer- vitamin K injection
- effects may be delayed 2-7 days due to the delayed onset
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