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ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION LATEST EXAM 2024 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |GRADED A+ What cells do lymphoid precursors turn into? - ANSWER-specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes Granulocytes are - ANSWER-basoph$8.49
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What cells do lymphoid precursors turn into? - ANSWER-specialized
white blood cells called lymphocytes
Granulocytes are - ANSWER-basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Agranuloyctes are - ANSWER-T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
monocytes
What two type of immunity make up the immune system? -
ANSWER-innate and adaptive
What line of defense is innate immunity? - ANSWER-first
What is the role of innate immunity? - ANSWER-is to mount a non-
specific response to a non-self entity that does not retain memory of
the entity
What types of things does innate immunity respond to? - ANSWER-
skin, mucous membranes, normal flora of the skin and gut as barrier
or bacterial protection against foreign substances AND cellular
,components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes,
and macrophages
The stem cell divides, producing undifferentiated stem cells that are
of what lineage? - ANSWER-myeloid or lymphoid
What cells do myeloid precursors turn into? - ANSWER-red blood
cells, white blood cells, and platelets
If innate immunity proves to be insufficient, what is mobilized? -
ANSWER-adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity leads to what? - ANSWER-immune system
memory related to a pathogen or foreign substance
What are the three parts of adaptive immunity? - ANSWER-humoral
immunity, cell mediated immunity, regulatory t-cells
What is humoral immunity made up of? - ANSWER-b lymphocytes,
memory b cells, and plasma to produce immunoglobulins or
antibodies
What is cell mediated immunity dependent on? - ANSWER-cytotoxic
t-cells, helper t-cells and their cytokines
What are regulatory t-cells also known as? - ANSWER-supressor t-
cells
,What do regulatory t-cells do? - ANSWER-regulate the immune
response to prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory
responses
What are cytokines? - ANSWER-cytokines are secreted by
lymphocytes with the intention of stimulating macrophages and
cytotoxic t lymphocytes to identify and kill pathogen infected cells or
tumor cells
What do proto-oncogenes do? - ANSWER-regulate normal cell
growth and division.
What are proto-oncogenes? - ANSWER-they are a large family of
genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the cell cycle
If a mistake in copies of DNA occur next to a porto-oncogene, it can
"turn on" and become what? - ANSWER-oncogene
What are two examples of an oncogene? - ANSWER-EGFR/Erb- B1
and Erb-B2/HER2
What is a very important tumor suppressor gene? - ANSWER-p53
What is the p53 gene also called? - ANSWER-suicide gene
What does neoadjuvant therapy refer to? - ANSWER-treatment given
as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment
, What is adjuvant therapy? - ANSWER-additional cancer treatment
given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that cancer will
occur
How do alkylating agents function? - ANSWER-by causing a break in
the DNA helix strand, causing interference with DNA replication,
which results in cell death
What are the three most common alkylating agent chemo's? -
ANSWER-cytoxan, ifos, bendamustine
How are alkylating agents and platinum based chemo's different? -
ANSWER-platinum based chemo's do not have the molecule to to
attach to and destroy DNA
What are the two most common platinum based chemo's? -
ANSWER-cisplatin and carboplatin
What should you instruct patients to do when receiving oxaliplatin? -
ANSWER-to avoid exposure to cold air and consuming cold fluids for
3 to 4 days following treatment
What are the two most nephrotoxic drugs? - ANSWER-streptozocin
and semustine
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