acculturation - ✔ ✔ SLA The process by which a person integrates into a particular culture. One of the first theories of SLA that attempted to prioritize social factors over purely cognitive ones. It has been partly rehabilitated under the name socializati on. accuracy - ✔ ✔ SLA The extent to which a learner's use of a second language conforms to the rules of the language. Once thought to be a precondition for fluency. achievement test - ✔ ✔ TESTING Designed to test what learners have learned over a week, month, term or entire course. Because ___ ___s are directly related to the content of the teaching program, they provide feedback on the teaching -learning process, and are therefore useful data for course evaluation. action research - ✔ ✔ METHODOLOGY A fo rm of teacher -driven research, the twin goals of which are to improve classroom practice, and to 'empower' teachers. Typically motivated less by the desire to answer the 'big' questions than by the need to solve a specific teaching problem in the local con text. planning ->acting ->observing ->reflecting adolescents - ✔ ✔ METHODOLOGY The ideal time to learn a second language. This age group tends to outperform adults and to progress more rapidly than younger learners. affect - ✔ ✔ PSYCHOLOGY The general word for emotion or feelings. These factors positively or negatively influence language learning. Often contrasted with cognitive factors such as intelligence and learning style. Low ___ive filter=emotionally well -disposed to processing input High ___ive=won't process input so effecitively. affix, affixation - ✔ ✔ VOCABULARY An element that is added to a word and which changes its meaning. The process of doing this. affordance - ✔ ✔ LINGUISTICS The language learning opportunities that exist in a learner's ling uistic 'environment.' Maximized with meaningful activities and giving learners feedback. agency - ✔ ✔ METHODOLOGY Control of your own actions, including your mental activity. A notion from critical pedagogy. Learners are not objects of the teaching process; they are subjects of the learning process. A factor that contributes to motivation. applied linguistics - ✔ ✔ LINGUISTICS Concerned with the application of linguistic theory to solving language -related problems in the real world. Language planning, speech therapy, lexcography, translation studies, forensic linguistics. appraisal - ✔ ✔ LING UISTICS Also called stance; the way speakers and writers use language to express their personal attitude to what is being said or written; one of the main ways that language's interpersonal function is realized; consists of 3 categories: affect (personal f eelings), judgment (social values and social esteem), appreciation (opinions). These can all be expressed lexically, grammatically or through the use of paralinguistic devices. appropriacy - ✔ ✔ SOCIOLINGUISTICS Using language in a way that is suitable fo r the context and in a way that meets the expectations of the people you are communicating with. An aspect of sociolinguistic competence, which is a component of a speaker's overall communicative competence. (Dell Hymes) appropriation - ✔ ✔ SLA To make so mething your own. Gaining ownership of a skill by first doing it with someone who is more skilled than you are until you can control or regulate the skill yourself. A key concept in sociocultural learning theory. Language is not simply a behavior that is c onditioned through repeated practice, but that it is one of collaborative construction, in which skills are transferred in socially -situated activity. aptitude - ✔ ✔ PSYCHOLOGY The innate talent or predisposition for language learning. 3 kinds of ability: auditory, linguistic, memory. aspect - ✔ ✔ GRAMMAR The way the speaker's 'view' of an event is expressed by the verb phrase, regardless of the time of the event itself. 2 of these in English: progressive and perfect. contingency - ✔ ✔ PSYCHOLOGY The sen se that what is happening is connected to what has just happened and what is about to happen. audiolingualism - ✔ ✔ METHODOLOGY Became widespread in the US in the 1950s and 60s. Distinctive feature=drilling of sentence patterns. Came from a view of learni ng as habit formation (behaviorism). Spoken language was prioritized; translation and the use of metalanguage were discouraged; accuracy was considered a precondition for fluency. Shot down by Chomsky in the early 60s and the birth of mentalism. authentic ity - ✔ ✔ LINGUISTICS Became a priority with the communicative approach. The idea of "grade the task, not the text" was born. This kind of interaction is both more communicative and offers more affordances for learning. automaticity - ✔ ✔ PSYCHOLOGY The a bility to perform a task without having to focus attention on it. This frees a learner's limited attentional resources for more demanding activities. A process of setting up chunks and associations that link one step with another. This doesn't mean a sacri fice of accuracy. When chunks of language are produced in a pre -assembled form, the speaker has much less chance of making mistakes. autonomy - ✔ ✔ PSYCHOLOGY Also called self -directed learning. The capacity to take responsibility for your own learning. behaviorism - ✔ ✔ PSYCHOLOGY A psychological theory popular in the mid -twentieth century that viewed learning as a sort of habit formation and positive reinforcement. Audiolingualism is the teaching method that is associated with this. stimulus -response -reinforcement. This theory rejected any role, in learning, for mental processes such as thought and reasoning. bilingualism - ✔ ✔ SLA At one point it was considered a handicap to second language learners since (according to behaviorist theory) the first la nguage interferes with the second. ADDITIVE=second language added to first without threatening the speaker's first language identity; SUBTRACTIVE=the second language replaces the first, threatening the speaker's language identity. cognitive learning theory - ✔ ✔ PSYCHOLOGY A learning theory that draws upon ideas from cognitive psychology, the branch of psychology that deals with perception and thinking. Piaget first proposed the view that language develops out of the child's thought s and growing awareness of the world. A later version suggests that the child acquires language by forming and testing hypotheses about the adult language it hears around it. Has been criticized as being mechanistic, and for ignoring social and affective f actors. coherence - ✔ ✔ DISCOURSE How the sentences in a text relate to each other. cohesion - ✔ ✔ DISCOURSE The use of grammatical and lexical means to achieve connected text. LEXICAL: repetition, synonyms, general words, same thematic field, substituti on, ellipsis; GRAMMATICAL: references, substitution, ellipsis, linkers, parallelism collocation - ✔ ✔ VOCABULARY Words that frequently occur together. Can be grammatical (collocate with specific prepositions: "account for") or lexical: "narrow escape." communication strategy - ✔ ✔ SLA Ways that learners get around the fact that they may not know how to say something, but that help the learner achieve their intended message: paraphrase, word coinage, foreignizing a word, approximation, all -purpose words, l anguage -switching, paralinguistics, appealing for help. avoidance strategy - ✔ ✔ SLA Abandoning a message or replacing an original messae with one that is less ambitious. communicative activity - ✔ ✔ METHODOLOGY Activity in which real communication occur s. Key features: purposefulness, reciprocity, negotiation, unpredictability, heterogeneity, synchronicity.
