I know how overwhelming it is to stare at over 100 pages of evolution notes and not know where to start. Well, start here. I condensed all of the notes into just a few pages (without leaving out any important information). These notes helped me achieve 95% in Life Science for matric and I hope they...
EVIDENCE =general explanation of an nb natural phenomenon with a reliable bd of evidence that has
dvlp through extensive+repeated observations+experiments to support it
2. BIOGEOGRAPHY EVIDENCE
*biogeography: study of past +present distribution of world's many species Science and Religion
1.fossil records. |. 2. biogeography. | 3. DNA(genetics)+molecular biology
*very diff p+a species in regions of same lat with sim climate, • Science: deals with the material world, investigates physical+natural
4.Homologies+comparitive anatomy |5. Embryology. | 6..Vestigal organs|
aspects of life using scientific method
marsupials(pouches)+monotremes(egg- laying mam) 7. Biodiversity |8.Physiology
1. marsupials vs placentals • Religion: deals with strongly held beliefs, morals, atitudes+spiritual,
[large indig mammals in Ausi region all marsupials vs all other biog region=placentals] philosphical+ethical 'why' q
2. Africa vs South America 1. FOSSIL EVIDENCE -cannot be used to test each other
[SA-neotropical+africa-afrotropical biog r virt identical climate but very diff animals *evidence of systematic evo. ∆ ie evidence for micro+macro-evo[regular change] -complemntary rather than antagonistic
.˙. env cannot account for dis/similarity since sim env can -entirely dif species groups * bias: very few indv bcm f, hard bd org more likely to f, most f aquatic a, not discovered
3.different species of flightless birds/ratites *evidence of descent with modification e.g. dvp of modern horse[no reversals found] 1. Science is ongoing process while religion is open to moral, ethical+philsophical
[Ratites: rheas in S Am, ostriches in Africa, emus in Australia] interpretations
*3 diff species all originated from own ancestor, as common f.b. cld not fly across ocean 1. incr in complexity:oldest rocks, simplest fossils-> youngest rocks human anc 2. science does not claim to know everything
4. diff collection of p+a in regions same latitude, similar climates+conditions 2. incr in diversity: 3.science can explain how life developed through evolution but cannot explain the
Old World +new world monkeys[N: flat face, wide nostril vs O: long snout, close nostril] -Cladogenesis: branching descendents->biodiversity increases mystery of how life started
clustering pattern of closely allied species
*novelties/key innovations- new+original adaptation often -> new genera+species occ
DARWIN 3. more extinct species as one moves back in time(99% org extinxt-not adapt, natural)
1.closely related species located nearby- similar species descended from common a New spps better adapted survive->replace+fill vacant niches(spss not fixed, ∆ +evolve)
2. similar env can contain entirley dif species groups- desc. from a that were diff 4. existence of intermediate forms btw species(transitional/link fossils)
3. oceanic islands *transitional fossils: mixture of traits show link btw groups 'missing link'
- although species sim to each other, diff slightly on each island *evidence of modification by descent[one group given rise to another]
- species livings on islands more closely related to species living on nearest mainland, e.g.mammal-like reptiles(abundantly in karoo) intermediate btw reptiles+mammals
even though diff env, compared sps from other island groups
5. overall incr in size: starting pt tiny unicellular org
4. extinct species closely resembled living in same region-
modern sps replaced+evl into fossil forms[ground sloth+living 2-toed tree sloth]
5. .˙. 2 diff groups of orgs must have arisen by descent by modification from diff Cambrian explosion: 545 mya rapid diversification over rl short period -app huge
ancestors on each side of line diversity of complex, multi-celled orgs
*today estimated 1.4 to 1.7 m species of org
Wallace line: imaginary line bisects Malay archipelago from N-W and SE parts
[each part diff group of living orgs:deep seaways prevented migration btw islands] <- mockingbird species Galapagos islands:diff spps of m on each island. Spps were closer
in app to those on mainland than anywhere else in world
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