Immunology Review: Abbas 7th Ed Latest Question and Answer 2023/2024
Cytokines are not usually stored as preformed molecules, and their synthesis is initiated by new gene transcription as a result of cellular activation. Such transcriptional activation is transient, and the messenger RNAs encodi...
Immunology Review: Abbas 7th Ed
Latest Question and Answer 2023/2024
Cytokines are not usually stored as preformed molecules, and their synthesis is initiated by new gene
transcription as a result of cellular activation. Such transcriptional activation is transient, and the
messenger RNAs encoding most cytokines are unstable and often rapidly degraded, so cytokine synthesis
is also transient. Once synthesized, cytokines are rapidly secreted, resulting in a burst of release when
needed... Cytokines share many other general properties. One cytokine can act on diverse cell types and
have multiple biologic effects, a property that is referred to as pleiotropism... Most cytokines act close to
where they are produced, either on the same cell that secretes the cytokine (autocrine action) or on a
nearby cell (paracrine action). When produced in large amounts, cytokines may enter the circulation and
act at a distance from the site of production (endocrine action). Tumor necrosis f - ANSWER One general
property of cytokines is:
A. They are stored as preformed molecules primed for rapid release.
B. They are constitutively transcribed and released.
C. They can act on many different kinds of cells.
D. They have strictly local (autocrine or paracrine) biologic effects.
C, page 11
Because the number of naive lymphocytes specific for any antigen is very small (on the order of 1 in 105
or 106 lymphocytes) and the quantity of the available antigen may also be small, special mechanisms are
needed to capture microbes, to concentrate their antigens in the correct location, and to deliver the
antigens to specific lymphocytes. - ANSWER The number of naive lymphocytes specific for a given
antigen is on the order of
A. <100
B. 10^2-10^3
C. 10^5-10^6
D. 10^8-10^9
D, page 11: See legend to figure 1-6
The response contracts (declines) as antigen-stimulated lymphocytes die by apoptosis, restoring
homeostasis, and the antigen-specific cells that survive are responsible for memory. - ANSWER The main
mechanism by which contraction of the immune response occurs is: A. Differentiation
B. Clonal expansion
,C. Clonal selection
D. Apoptosis
B, page 12
One of the earliest responses of CD4+ helper T cells is secretion of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). IL-2 is
a growth factor that acts on the antigen-activated lymphocytes and stimulates their proliferation (clonal
expansion) ... Other CD4+ effector T cells secrete cytokines that stimulate the production of a special
class of antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) and activate leukocytes called eosinophils, which are able
to kill parasites that may be too large to be phagocytosed. - ANSWER One important effect of IL-2 is
A. It serves as a growth factor for naive lymphocytes. B. It drives clonal expansion.
C. It stimulates production of IgE antibodies.
D. It prevents complement activation on host cells.
A, page 2
Mechanisms for defending the host against microbes are present in some form in all multicellular
organisms. These mechanisms constitute innate immunity. The more specialized defense mechanisms
that constitute adaptive immunity are found in vertebrates only. - ANSWER A vaccine has been
developed for elm trees that prevents infection with the fungus that causes Dutch elm disease. The
vaccine contains a non-pathogenic fungus of a different species. What is the likely mechanism of action
for this vaccine?
A. Enhancement of innate immune mechanisms.
B. Induction of an anti-fungal antibody response.
C. Induction of a memory T cell response.
D. Passive transfer of immunity.
A, page 13
The response of B cells to protein antigens requires activating signals ("help") from CD4+ T cells (which is
the historical reason for calling these T cells "helper" cells). B cells can respond to many non-protein
antigens without the participation of other cells. - ANSWER In order to respond to protein antigen,
additional help from what cell type is required?
A. CD4+ T cells
B. CD8+ T cells
C. NK cells
,D. NKT cells
C, pages 4-5
Immunity can be conferred on an individual by transferring serum or lymphocytes from a specifically
immunized individual, a process known as adoptive transfer in experimental situations. The recipient of
such a transfer becomes immune to the particular antigen without ever having been exposed to or
having responded to that antigen. Therefore, this form of immunity is called passive immunity. Passive
immunization is a useful method for conferring resistance rapidly, without having to wait for an active
immune response to develop. Passive immunization against toxins by the administration of antibodies
from immunized animals is a lifesaving treatment for potentially lethal infections, such as tetanus, and
snake bites. - ANSWER A 42-year-old male arrives to the emergency room of his local hospital after
having received a deep laceration to his hand while working in his backyard. The physician on duty
decides to administer tetanus immune globulin as part of treatment. This is an example of which type of
immunity?
A. Innate immunity
B. Active immunity
C. Passive immunity
D. Cell-mediated immunity
B, page 13
Polysaccharides and lipids stimulate secretion mainly of the antibody class called IgM. Protein antigens
induce the production of antibodies of functionally different classes (IgG, IgA, IgE). - ANSWER
Polysaccharides and lipids stimulate secretion mainly of which antibody class?
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgE
D, page 6
Immune responses are specific for distinct antigens and, in fact, for different portions of a single complex
protein, polysaccharide, or other macromolecule (Fig. 1-4). The parts of such antigens that are
specifically recognized by individual lymphocytes are called determinants or epitopes. - ANSWER
Immune responses are specific even for different portions of a complex antigen. The parts of such
complex antigens specifically recognized by individual lymphocytes are called what?
, A. Induction points
B. Adjuvants
C. Expanders
D. Epitopes
C, page 3, Table 1-2,
Diversity in innate immunity is limited and is germline encoded. Somatic recombination increases the
diversity of adaptive immunity. Both the innate and adaptive immune system have mechanisms to avoid
self-reactivity. - ANSWER Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the innate, as
opposed to the adaptive, immune system?
A. More diverse.
B. non-reactive to self.
C. Germline-encoded.
D. Diversity produced by somatic recombination
B, page 19
Basophils are derived from bone marrow progenitors (a lineage different from that of mast cells), mature
in the bone marrow, and circulate in the blood. Although they are normally not present in tissues,
basophils may be recruited to some inflammatory sites. Basophils contain granules that bind basic dyes.
Like mast cells, basophils express IgG and IgE receptors. - ANSWER Which of the following statements
about basophils is true?
A. They are not normally found in the circulation but are constitutively present in healthy tissues.
B. They are derived from a bone marrow lineage different from that of mast cells.
C. Mature basophils express IgM and IgD receptors.
D. Their granules contain basic proteins that bind acidic dyes.
A, page 18
Macrophages can acquire distinct functional capabilities, depending on the types of activating stimuli.
The clearest example of this is the response of macrophages to different cytokines made by subsets of T
cells. Some of these cytokines activate macrophages to become efficient at killing microbes, called
classical activation. Other cytokines activate macrophages to promote tissue remodeling and repair,
called alternative activation. - ANSWER Alternative activation of macrophages promotes what
function(s)?
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