Summary of food and energy for period 2.1. All the powerpoints material is included in this document, including images of the book and additional notes that I took during the lesson.
Voeding en energie
Leerdoelen
1. De student(e) begrijpt de functie en werking van hormonen en andere signalering
moleculen
2. De student(e) begrijpt de algemene intracellulaire signaleringsmechanismen van
hormonen
3. De student(e) begrijpt negatieve feedbackmechanismen en de werking van
antagonistische hormonen (insuline en glucagon)
4. De student(e) kent de basisfuncties van verschillende weefsels en orgaansystemen
5. De student(e) weet wat een ‘regulator’ en een ‘conformer’ is
6. De student(e) begrijpt hoe homeostase wordt bereikt
7. De student(e) begrijpt de verschillende manieren van thermoregulatie
8. De student(e) begrijpt de bio-energetica van organismen en weet wat het
metabolisme is
9. De student(e) weet wat essentiële voedingscomponenten zijn
10. De student(e) kan de verschillende stadia van ‘food processing’ uitleggen
11. De student(e) kent het verteringsproces van koolhydraten, eiwitten, vetten en
nucleïnezuren
12. De student(e) begrijpt de thermodynamica achter metabole omzettingen
13. De student(e) kent de vormen waarin energie opgeslagen kan worden
14. De student(e) begrijpt de werking van enzymen
15. De student(e) weet hoe enzymatische omzettingen gereguleerd kunnen worden
16. De student(e) begrijpt de rol van enzymen in het metabolisme en kent de functie van
de verschillende enzym klassen
17. De student(e) begrijpt de katabole en anabole metabole routes uitgaande van
koolhydraten, eiwitten en vetten
18. De student(e) begrijpt de stappen van de glycolyse, citroenzuurcyclus en oxidatieve
fosforylering
19. De student(e) kent de functie en de reactieproducten van de pentose fosfaat route
20. De student(e) begrijpt de anaerobe verbranding van koolhydraten
21. De student(e) begrijpt het glycogeen metabolisme en kan de stappen uitleggen
22. De student(e) begrijpt de essentie en de samenhang van de belangrijkste metabole
routes
23. De student(e) kan de (energetische) consequenties verklaren van afwijkingen in
metabole routes
,Les 1 H40
Diverse Forms, Common Challenges
• Anatomy is the biological form of an organism
• Physiology is the biological functions an organism performs
Evolution of Animal Size and Shape
• Physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange limit the
range of animal forms
o E.g., properties of water limit possible shapes for fast swimming animals
• Convergent evolution often results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing
the same challenge
Figure 1 Convergent evolution in fast swimmers
• The comparative study of animals reveals that form and function are closely
correlated
Exchange across the cell membranes
• A multicellular organization only works if every cell has access to a suitable aqueous
environment
• Multicellular organisms with a saclike body plan have body walls that are only two
cells thick, facilitating diffusion of materials
• In flat animals such as tapeworms, most cells are in direct contact with their
environment
• More complex organisms are composed of compact masses of cells with a more
complex internal organization
• More complex organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging
materials
• In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with interstitial fluid, which allows for
the movement of material into and out of cells
• A complex body plan helps an animal living in a variable environment to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment = homeostasis
• Interstitial fluid is the fluid that is filling the spaces between the cells
• Complex body plans also include a circulatory fluid, such as blood. Exchange between
the interstitial fluid and the circulatory fluid enables cells throughout the body to
obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes.
,Figure 2 Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals
Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans
• Cells are organised into tissue
• Different types of tissues are further organized into organs
• Group of organs that work together make up an organ system
• Many organs have more than one physical role. The pancreas for example belongs to
more than one organ system, it produces enzymes for the digestive system but also
regulates the level of sugar in the blood
• Lungs and blood vessels have different functions but are lined by tissues that are of
the same basic type and therefore share many properties
There are 4 main types of animal tissues
1. Epithelial
a. Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the
body
2. Connective
a. Holds many tissues and organs together and in place
3. Muscle
a. Is responsible for nearly all types of body movement
4. Nervous
a. Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information
, Figure 3 the 4 types of animal tissue
Table 1: organ systems in mammals
Organ system Main components Main functions
Excretory Kidneys, ureters, urinary Disposal of metabolic
bladder wastes; regulation of
osmotic balance of blood
Endocrine Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, Coordination of body
adrenal, and other activities
hormone-secreting glands
Reproductive Ovaries or testes and Gamete production;
associated organs promotion of fertilization;
support of developing
embryo
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves Coordination of body
sensory organs activities; detection of
stimuli and formulation of
responses to them
Integumentary Skin and its derivatives (hair, Protection against
claws, sweat glands) mechanical injury, infection,
dehydration;
thermoregulation
Muscular Skeletal muscles Locomotion and other
movements
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