Skull (Cranium)
The function of this structure is to encase and protect the brain tissue
Mandible
The lower jaw bone
Brainpower
Read More
Maxillae
The fused bones of the upper jaw.
Meninges
There are three membranes that cover the brain and they are called what?
Dura Mat...
68W FC2 EXAM 2024 LATEST UPDATE FULLY SOLVED & UPDATED Skull (Cranium)
The function of this structure is to encase and protect the brain tissue
Mandible
The lower jaw bone
Brainpower
Read More
Maxillae
The fused bones of the upper jaw.
Meninges
There are three membranes that cover the brain and they are called what?
Dura Mater
Outermost membrane and most resilient of the meninges.
Arachnoid
The center layer of the meninges.
Pia Mater
The innermost membrane of the meninges
Protects the cranial nerves and spinal cord
What is the function of the Meninges?
Cerebellum
What controls primitive functions, coordination and balance?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
This is a nutrient fluid that bathes and protects the brain and spinal cord.
Linear Skull Fracture
This type of fracture accounts for about 80% of all skull fractures.
Depressed skull fracture.
This type of skull fracture when open serves s a possible entry point for bacteria.
Basilar skull fracture
This fracture occurs at the floor of the cranium, should be suspected if CSF is draining from the nostrils or ear canals, Periorbital ecchymosis and ecchymosis behind the ears over the mastoid. The ecchymosis may take several hours after the injury to become apparent.
Nasal Fracture
Epistaxis, edema, ecchymosis, nasal deformity, and crepitus upon palpation are indications that what is present?
Mandible Fracture
Casualty with this type of fracture will commonly report their teeth no longer fit together correctly. (Malocclusion of the teeth)
Mid-Face Fracture
Casualty's face may appear asymmetrical or flattened, an inability to close the mouth may be reported, if conscious the patient may complain of facial pain and numbness.
C-Spine
If the tactical situation permits condsider what for the following injuries, motor vehicle crash, falls from greater than 15 feet and an IED involving a MRAP vehicle.
NPA
This is contraindicated if there is evidence of head injury.
Hyperventilate
Do not perform this intervention for head injury casualties, it has been shown that it will worsen the outcome of the casualty.
Ventilate 20 bpm
If the casualty shows signs of increased ICP what intervention should be taken?
90% or greater
For a head injury casualty what is the oxygen saturation goal? Pressure dressing
What type of dressing should not be applied to an open or depressed skull fracture?
90mmHg
If BP monitoring is available what is the target systolic BP for a head injury?
Morphine
Due to this drugs effect on ICP and pupillary response, it is not recommended in patients with a suspected brain injury.
Fentanyl and Ketamine
These drugs have the potential to make moderate to severe TBI worse but can be used with mild
TBI. If the casualty is aware and able to vocalize pain then the TBI is likely not severe enough to prevent the use of these drugs.
1 mm
A difference in pupil size of what is considered abnormal?
Brainstem Injury
Both pupils are dilated and do not react to light is an indication of?
Supine Position
For tactical evacuation what position to you transport a casualty with a head injury?
Cushing's Triad
Increased blood pressure, decrease in pulse rate and respiratory rate becomes irregular are present in what?
Hypotension
When this is found to be caused by a head injury it is usually a terminal event.
Early detection and treatment
What are the keys to preventing long term effects of TBI?
Mild level of TBI
Confused state less than 24 hours, LOC for up to 30 minutes, Memory loss lasing less than 24 hours.
Moderate level of TBI
Confused for more than 24 hours, LOC for more than 30 minutes but less than 24 hours, Memory
loss lasting more than 24 hours but less than 7 days.
Severe levels of TBI
Confused for more than 24 hours, LOC for more than 24 hours, memory loss lasting more than 7 days.
Military Acute Concussion Evaluation Assessment (MACE)
This was developed b the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC) to evaluate a casualty in whom a concussion is suspected.
Events or incidents that mandate 24 hour rest period and command and medical concussion evaluation.
Any service member associated with a blast event, collision or rollover. Any service embers within a 50 meter radius of a blast. Anyone who sustains a direct blow to the head. Command directed for repeated exposures.
Red flags for immediate referral to MO and or transport
Witnessed LOC, two or more blast exposures within 72 hours, unusual behavior/combative, unequal pupils, seizures.
Care under fire, Tactical field care
When is the MACE assessment not performed?
BN Aid station or higher facility
Where is the MACE assessment usually performed
Sclera
This is the tough outer layer of the eye (white part) that protects the inner structure of the eye and helps maintain the shape of the eye.
Conjuctiva
It is the mucus membrane that lines the eyelid and extends from the eyelid to the front of the eyeball. Covers the anterior portion of the sclera.
Retina
This part of the eye contains the rods and cones
Cornea
This is the tough, transparent and colorless part of the eye that covers the pupil and iris. Injuries to this part may cause opacity and stop light rays from entering the eye.
Lens
This part of the eye is circular and filled with a jelly like substance, it adjusts to focus both near and far objects.
Iris
This is the colored part of the eye, located between the cornea and lens, controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Pupil
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller BRAINBOOSTERS. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
