NCE
Exam
cognitive
dissonance
-
ANS
motivation
to
reduce
discomfort
(dissonance)
caused
by
inconsistency
in
attitude
and
behavior
bystander
effect
-
ANS
the
greater
the
number
of
bystanders
who
witness
an
emergency ,
the
less
likely
any
one
of
them
is
to
help
psycho-social
theory
-
ANS
the
belief
that
social
interactions
are
more
important
than
sexual
drives
in
personality
development
(ex.
Erikson's
Eight
Stages)
psychodynamic
theory
-
ANS
Any
theory
of
behavior
that
emphasizes
internal
conflicts,
motives,
and
unconscious
forces
ego
psychologists
-
ANS
believe
in
man's
powers
of
reasoning
to
control
behavior
Id
-
ANS
a
reservoir
of
unconscious
psychic
energy
that,
strives
to
satisfy
basic
sexual
and
aggressive
drives.
Operates
on
the
pleasure
principle,
demanding
immediate
gratification. Erik
Erikson
-
ANS
neo-Freudian,
humanistic;
8
psychosocial
stages
of
development:
theory
shows
how
people
evolve
through
the
life
span.
Each
stage
is
marked
by
a
psychological
crisis
that
involves
confronting
"Who
am
I?"
ego
-
ANS
the
largely
conscious,
"executive"
part
of
the
personality ,
mediates
among
the
demands
of
the
id,
superego,
and
reality .
Ego
operates
on
the
reality
principle,
satisfying
the
id's
desires
in
ways
that
will
realistically
bring
pleasure
rather
than
pain.
relativistic
thinking
-
ANS
the
idea
that
in
many
situations
there
is
not
necessarily
one
right
or
wrong
answer
(gray
area)
Kegan
-
ANS
the
model
stresses
interpersonal
development,
it
is
billed
as
a
constructive
model
of
development,
meaning
that
individuals
construct
realist
throughout
the
life
span.
Piaget
-
ANS
Four
stage
theory
of
cognitive
development:
1.
sensorimotor ,
2.
preoperational,
3.
concrete
operational,
and
4.
formal
operational.
Piaget
-
ANS
findings
based
on
his
own
children
conservation
-
ANS
the
principle
that
properties
such
as
mass,
volume,
and
number
remain
the
same
despite
changes
in
the
forms
of
objects concrete
operational
stage
-
ANS
in
Piaget's
theory ,
the
stage
of
cognitive
development
(from
7
to
11
years
of
age)
during
which
children
gain
the
mental
operations
that
enable
them
to
think
logically
about
concrete
events
Lev
Vygotsky's
Theory
-
ANS
stages
unfold
due
to
educational
intervention
Reversibility
-
ANS
one
can
undo
an
action
(a
glass
of
water)
can
return
to
its
initial
shape
Egocentrism
-
ANS
in
Piaget's
theory ,
the
preoperational
child's
difficulty
taking
another's
point
of
view
Kohlberg
-
ANS
3
levels
of
moral
development
(preconventional,
conventional,
postconventional)
Heinz
Dilemma
-
ANS
asks
a
participant
to
explain
why
he
believes
it
is
better
to
steal
a
drug
to
save
a
person's
life
or
to
obey
the
law
by
not
stealing
the
drug
(assess
person's
moral
development)
Heinz
Dilemma
-
ANS
is
to
Kohlberg's
theory
as
a
typing
test
is
to
the
level
of
typing
skill
mastered Identity
Crisis
-
ANS
(Erikson)
state
of
emotional
turmoil
that
arises
when
an
adolescent's
sense
of
self
becomes
'unglued'
to
achieve
a
new ,
more
mature
sense
of
self;
the
stage
also
involves
more
identification
with
peers
trust
vs.
mistrust
-
ANS
Erikson's
1st
stage.
Infants
learn
basic
trust
if
the
world
is
a
secure
place
where
their
basic
needs
(for
food,
comfort,
attention,
and
so
on)
are
met.
integrity
vs.
despair
-
ANS
Erikson's
8th
and
final
stage
of
psychosocial
development
is
_____.
Kohlberg's
first
stage
of
moral
development
-
ANS
preconventional
level
is
guided
by
consequences
Kohlberg's
second
stage
of
moral
development
-
ANS
a
desire
to
live
up
to
society's
expectations
and
a
desire
to
conform
post
conventional
morality
-
ANS
has
self-imposed
morals
&
ethics
zone
of
proximal
development
-
ANS
difference
between
a
child's
performance
without
a
teacher
vs.
what
they
are
capable
of
with
a
teacher
(Vygotsky)
Freud
&
Erikson
-
ANS
could
be
classified
as
maturationists
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