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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With CompleteSolutions
Phases of Inflammation:
Vascular Permeability - Inflammation stimulates blood vessel dilation and opening of capillary pores. Capillary pores allows fluid and cells (WBCs and platelets) to arrive at site of injury.
Phases of Inflammation:
Cellular Chemotaxis - Chemical signal that calls out to WBC's to site of injury. Results in leukocytosis, where WBCs are released from the bone marrow and into the blood stream. **Doctor is able to analyze the type of WBC and number of WBCs to determine type and severity of infection.
Phases of Inflammation:
Systemic Responses - Patient experiences symptoms such as:
-Fever
-lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
-pain
-sleepiness
-lethargy
-anemia
-weight loss
** Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, and ILs are responsible for many of these effects
Mediators of Inflammation (5) - 1. Cytokines (Interleukins ILs & TNF-alpha) -either amplify or deactivate inflammatory response -stimulate liver to release acute phase proteins
2. Chemokines
- proteins that attract WBCs to site of injury 3. Acute phase proteins
-Facilitates WBC phagocytosis -Include: C reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and hecidin
4. Prostaglandins
5. Pyrogens
What is acute inflammation? - Short term inflammatory response that resolves once infection has been resolved.
What is chronic inflammation? - Ongoing infection for a long period of time Ex: TB and autoimmune diseases
Stages of Infection (5) - 1. Incubation Period (no identifiable symptoms)
2. Prodromal Stage (initial appearance of symptoms- MOST CONTAGIOUS
3. Acute stage (full infectious experience)
4. Convalescent (body fighting back, start to feel relief)
5. Resolution (Total elimination of infection)
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at higher risk for infection.
Portals of Entry (4) - 1. Skin
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract
4. Urogenital tracts
Atrophy - "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the demand and increase efficiency.
Metaplasia - -Replacement of one cell by another cell type -Generally occurs in response to chronic inflammation
to enable tissue survival
Role of pyrogens in fever - Activate Prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamic temperature-regulating center to a higher level
Apoptosis - Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse effects on body
Antibody titer - Level of antibody in the bloodstream and corresponds to the level of exposure to the microbe
What is the first Ig (immunoglobin) to rise during infection? - IgM
Innate immunity is? - 1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - -Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity. Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Adaptive immunity is? - -2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Two major categories of adaptive immunity - 1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Aortic Insufficiency - Occurs during S2, when the valve SHOULD close but doesn't
- Causes blood leaks back into the the left ventricle
-Forward flow is reduced
What happens to the heart due to mitral valve insufficiency? - -
Aka mitral regurgitation
-Valve does not close properly
-Caused by MI
-When ventricle contracts, blood leaks into atrium causing atrial enlargement and decreased forward flow
- May lead to A-fib and vein distention
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