TEST BANK Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 7/E by Margaret Frazier
Chapter 01: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Frazier and Fuqua: Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Signs of disease
a. always cause symptoms.
b. rarely correlate with symptoms.
c. include abnormal objective findings.
d. are always described by the patient.
ANS: C
Signs, or abnormal objective findings, are the evidence of disease found by physical
examination and diagnostic testing. Signs of disease often correlate with the symptoms.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: 2
2. Predisposing factors of disease
a. precisely predict the occurrence of disease.
b. make a person or group more vulnerable to disease.
c. never overlap or occur in combination.
d. can all be controlled by prevention.
ANS: B
A person may be susceptible to a greater or lesser degree, because of one or more risk factors
that overlap or occur in combination. Predisposing factors include age, gender, lifestyle,
environment, heredity, and immunodeficiency.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: 3
3. Genetic diseases may be
a. produced by an abnormality in or mutation of the genetic code in a single gene.
b. caused by several abnormal genes.
c. caused by the abnormal presence or absence of a chromosome or an alteration of
the structure of chromosomes.
d. All of the answer options
ANS: D
Genetic predisposition (inheritance) currently is considered a major risk factor. Hereditary
factors in disease that appear regularly in successive generations are likely to affect males and
females equally. Hereditary or genetic diseases often develop as a result of the combined
effects of inheritance and environmental factors.
REF: p. 6 OBJ: 8
4. Which statement is true of benign tumors?
a. Tend to remain encapsulated
b. Infiltrate surrounding tissue
c. Do not compress surrounding tissue or obstruct organs
d. Do not resemble the tissue of origin
, ANS: A
Benign tumors usually develop slowly and can arise from any tissue. They tend to remain
encapsulated and do not infiltrate surrounding tissue.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: 7
5. Which statement is true of malignant tumors?
a. Tend to infiltrate other tissue.
b. Tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become infected.
c. May spread to distant sites in the body.
d. All of the answer options
ANS: D
Malignant tumors can represent a serious threat to the health and life of a person. Cancer cells
are variable in appearance and disorderly (anaplastic) and tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become
infected. Malignant tumors have the ability to infiltrate and invade the surrounding tissue.
Often malignant cells enter the bloodstream or the lymphatic vessels and spread to distant
sites in the body leading to tumor growth in other areas of the body.
REF: p. 8 OBJ: 7
6. Which statement is true regarding the TNM (tumor, nodes, metastasis) cancer staging system?
a. Assesses the size and extent of the spread of the primary tumor.
b. Is a grading system based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells.
c. Both answer options are true.
d. Neither answer options are true.
ANS: A
Although a number of different staging systems exist, the majority of cancers use a TNM
system. TNM staging assesses the neoplasm in three different areas: the size or extent of the
primary tumor (T), the extent of regional lymph node involvement by the tumor (N), and the
number of distant metastases (M).
REF: p. 10 OBJ: 10
7. The tumor Gleason grade reflects which information about the tumor?
a. Stage
b. Degree of abnormal microscopic appearance of the cells
c. Location
d. None of the answer options
ANS: B
The Gleason grade correlates with extent of disease throughout the body and with prognosis.
Analysis of prostate tumor histology is performed, and the two predominant patterns are
recorded and scored from 1 to 5 (1 represents a well-differentiated histology; 5 is the most
poorly differentiated).
REF: p. 12 OBJ: 10
8. Which statement correctly states the sequence of an allergic response within the body?
a. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies enter the body and produce an allergen.
b. The release of histamine sensitizes mast cells and produces symptoms.
, c. Exposure to allergen stimulates production of IgE antibodies that can subsequently
trigger symptoms of allergy.
d. Histamine produces mast cells, which stimulate plasma cells.
ANS: C
Initial exposure to an allergen, which acts as an antigen (a substance that causes the allergic
response), stimulates the production of IgE antibodies, and the person thus is sensitized.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: 14
9. Systemic manifestation(s) of severe allergic responses include which problem?
a. Arthralgia
b. Status asthmaticus
c. Anaphylaxis
d. All of the answer options
ANS: D
Severe systemic manifestations of allergic responses include anaphylaxis, serum sickness,
arthralgia, and status asthmaticus. For example, anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock), the result
of a severe systemic allergic reaction, calls for emergency life-saving intervention.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: 14
10. Which order of steps is most accurate when making a diagnosis?
a. Medical history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, diagnosis, integration of
results, treatment
b. Medical history, diagnostic tests, physical examination, treatment plan
c. Physical examination, medical history, radiographs, prognosis, integration of all
information
d. Comparison of normals, physical examination, history, treatment plan, prognosis
ANS: A
Establishing a diagnosis is a decision-making process in which data collected from the
medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are analyzed, integrated, and
interpreted. A diagnosis provides a logical basis for determining treatment and prognosis.
REF: p. 16 OBJ: 16
11. Mechanical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and the immune response are
a. risk factors for disease.
b. the combined effects of inheritance and environmental factors.
c. included in the body’s natural defense system against infection.
d. agents that damage deoxyribonucleic acid.
ANS: C
The body’s natural defense systems against infection include (1) natural mechanical and
chemical barriers, such as skin, the cilia, body pH, and normal body flora; (2) the
inflammatory response; and (3) the immune response.
REF: p. 3 OBJ: 4
, 12. Immune disorders are the result of a breakdown in the body’s defense system that may
generate which problems?
a. Allergies
b. Autoimmune diseases
c. Immunodeficiency disorders
d. All of the answer options
ANS: D
The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that has evolved to
defend the body against attacks by foreign organisms.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: 13
13. Immunodeficiency disorders result from
a. an exudative response.
b. physical trauma.
c. motor vehicle accidents.
d. a depressed or absent immune response.
ANS: D
Causative factors can be primary, manifested by a characteristic decrease in the number of T
cells and B cells, leaving the body unable to adequately defend itself against infection and
tumors.
REF: p. 15 OBJ: 13
14. Which statement(s) is/are correct regarding autoimmune diseases?
a. The diseases allow the immune system to become self-destructive.
b. Many serious diseases have a strong autoimmune component.
c. Both answer options are correct.
d. Both answer options are incorrect.
ANS: C
In autoimmune diseases, antibodies are formed against self-antigens mistakenly identified as
foreign.
REF: p. 15 OBJ: 15
15. Homeostasis refers to
a. disease related to age.
b. internal stability of the body.
c. a chronic disease process.
d. genetic predisposition to disease.
ANS: B
Pathologic conditions involve measurable changes in normal structure and function that
threaten the internal stability, or homeostasis, of the body.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: 1
16. Pathogens cause disease by
a. invasion of living tissue.
