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Important terms and exam questions to study for Oncology, partial exam 1, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (AB_1184) $5.58   Add to cart

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Important terms and exam questions to study for Oncology, partial exam 1, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (AB_1184)

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  • January 17, 2024
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Important terms and exam questions to study for Oncology, partial exam 1,
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (AB_1184)

This is only for the first part of the exam, I have another document too, which is about the
second part of the exam. Study these terms and questions well, and you will be guaranteed
to pass your exam!



How do we define incidence? ---> The number of new cases within a certain time
period (usually a year)

How do we define prevalence? ---> All persons who somewhere in time have been
diagnosed

How do we define mortality? ---> The number of people who died as a result of
cancer within a certain time period *usually a year)

How do we define survival? ---> The percentage of patients that are still alive after
receiving their diagnosis

Carcinomas arise from: ---> epithelial tissue

Adenocarcinomas arise from: ---> glandular tissue

Sarcomas arise from: ---> mesodermal tissue

Lymphomas arise from: ---> (progenitors of) white blood cells

Why is the incidence of carcinomas much higher than other types of cancers? --->
Carcinomas are derived from epithelial cells, and epithelial cells align our body
(inside and outside). These cells are most exposed to carcinogens.

What is a carcinogen? ---> A cancer-causing substance

Is cancer genetic? ---> No. However, some cancers are linked to genetic
susceptibility (a higher risk of developing cancer).

Why does the risk to develop cancer increase at older age? ---> Because an
accumulation of mutations in the DNA is needed for the development of cancer. It is
a matter of chance and time. The older we get, the more chance there is to develop
cancer.

What is the therapeutic window? ---> The difference between the maximum
tolerated dose (MTD) and the minimum dose needed to exert anti-cancer activity

, What is the therapeutic index? ---> Ratio of a drug's toxic level to the level that
provides therapeutic benefits

Which DNA repair mechanism will be used when there's a damaged base? --->
Base excision repair

Which DNA repair mechanism will be used when there are bulky abducts? --->
Nucleotide excision repair

Which DNA repair mechanism will be used when there are replication errors? --->
Mismatch repair

Which DNA repair mechanism will be used when there is a strand break? --->
Homologous recombination repair or non-homologous end joining

Which DNA repair mechanism will be used when there is a cross link? --->
Complex repair, coordinated by FA pathway

The Fanconi/BRCA pathway is involved in: ---> DNA breaks and cross-links

Delaminating of cytosine changes it to: ---> uracil

Which molecule is activated by a double strand break? ---> ATM

In the DNA repair mechanism process: which molecule recognizes a damaged
base? ---> DNA glycosylase

What is an abasic site? ---> A location in the DNA that has neither a purine nor a
pyrimidine base

Abasic sites arise from activity of: ---> DNA glycosylase or depurination

What is synthetic lethality? ---> a combination of deficiencies in the expression of
two or more genes leads to cell death, whereas a deficiency in only one of these
genes does not

How many transcription factors do humans approximately have? ---> 3000

True or false: epigenetic changes cause changes in the DNA sequence ---> False

True or false: epigenetic changes reversible ---> True

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