1. Define the following elements of the communication process. (15 points)
Referent is defined as a something that motivates one person to communicate with another
examples are sights, sounds, sensations, perceptions and ideas initiate the communication
process
Sender and Receiver sender is defined as the person who encodes and delivers a message while
the receiver is the person who receives and decodes the message so the send puts the message
into verbal and nonverbal symbols that the receiver can understand. (Arnold and boggs, 2016)
Message this is the content of the communication which can be verbal and non-verbal
expression of feeling and thoughts
Channels this is the means that a communication is sent through and received through it can be
visual, auditory and tactile sense
Feedback is defined as the message a sender receives from the receiver. It is used to indicate
whether the receiver understood the sender message
Interpersonal Variables these are the factors within both the sender and receiver that influences
communication. Such as perceptions, culture, expectation and experience
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, Environment is said to be the setting for sender- receiver interaction which must provide
participant with physical and emotional comfort and safety for communication to be effective.
2. List the elements of Nonverbal communication and explain a positive form of nonverbal
communication and a negative nonverbal communication. (10 points
Elements of a non-verbal communication are personal appearance, posture and gait, facial
expression, eye contact, gesture, sounds, territoriality and personal space.
A positive form of a nonverbal communication will have all the above element of a nonverbal
communication present in it. When your motions and gestures convey that you are engaged, interested,
accessible, and open, it is positive nonverbal communication. While a negative nonverbal
communication will not have any of the element of nonverbal communication so it is said to be a
communication that take place consciously or unconsciously where expression of sadness, anger,
nervousness, impatience, boredom, or lack of confidence and eye contact.
3. Define the 4 phases listed in Box 24-4 Phases of the Helping Relationship. (5 points)
The four phases of helping relationship are
pre-interaction phase is defined as the phase that occur before meeting a patient that information are
reviewed, communication between other caregiver who has worked with the patient, anticipate about
health concern or issues that might have risen, and planning for enough initial interaction time after
identifying a location or setting will aid comfortable, private interaction.
orientation phase this is the stage theta we meet with the patient and get to know one another the tone
is set for adapting a warm relationship, recognizing that initial relationship is usually warm, uncertain
and tentative, expecting the patient to test your competences and commitment, assess the patient
health status, prioritizing the patient problems and identifying the patient’s goal, clarifying patients and
my role.
working phase, the is the phase nurse and the patient work together to solve problems and accomplish
goals by helping patient to express feeling about their health, self-exploration, set goal, provides
information that is needed to understand and change behavior and use therapeutic communication skill
to facilitate successful interaction
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