Summary Robbins Basic Pathology Chapter 2 (Cell injury, Cell death and Adaptations)
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Medicine
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Queen Mary, University Of London (QMUL)
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Robbins Basic Pathology International Edition
A paraphrased summary of Chapter 2 of Robbins Basic Pathology. Concise, yet more elaborate than Pocket Robbins. Covers every concept in bite-sized details with important figures and tables. More than enough even for first time readers who need to grasp concepts and can't pick up Robbins.
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CHAPTER 2: Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations
Etiology refers to the underlying causes and modifying factors that are responsible for the
initiation and progression of disease.
Pathogenesis refers to the cellular and molecular changes leading to specific structural and
functional abnormalities characterizing a particular disease. It refers to the mechanisms of
development and progression of disease.
IN SHORT
Etiology: why a disease arises
Pathogenesis/Causes of Pathology: how a disease develops.
,FIG 2.2
Homeostasis -> physiologic stresses (such as increased workload in the heart) or potentially
injurious conditions (such as nutrient deprivation) -> Adaptation -> the adaptive capability is
exceeded or if the external stress is inherently harmful or excessive -> Cell injury (reversible or
irreversible) -> IF Irreversible(severe stress) -> Cell Death.
IF Reversible: return to normal
, CAUSES OF CELL DEATH:
Injurious stimuli leading to Cell Death
1. Hypoxia and Ischemia
2. Toxins
3. Infectious Agents
4. Immunologic reactions
5. Genetic Abnormalities
6. Nutritional imbalances
7. Physical agents
8. Aging
Hypoxia which refers to oxygen deficiency
Ischemia which means reduced blood supply (hypoxia + deficiency of essential nutrients and a
buildup of toxic metabolites)
Innocuous substances: that are otherwise harmless
1. Hypoxia and Ischemia
- ischemia from an arterial obstruction (most common cause of hypoxia)
- inadequate oxygenation of the blood, as in a variety of diseases affecting the lung,
- reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, as with anemia of any cause, and
carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
2. Toxins
- Environment : air pollutants, insecticides, CO, asbestos, cigarette smoke, ethanol
- Drugs: if used excessively or inappropriately
- Innocuous substances: glucose, salt, water and oxygen, can also be toxic.
3. Infectious Agents
, - Disease-causing pathogens
4. Immunologic reactions (as lead to inflammatory reactions)
- Auto-immune reactions
- Allergic reactions
- Chronic immune responses to microbes
8. Aging
- Cellular senescence results in a diminished ability of cells to respond to stress and,
eventually, the death of cells and of the organism
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