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AQA A-level ECONOMICS Paper 1 Markets and Market Failure Thursday 18 May 2023
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2AQA
A-level
ECONOMICS
Paper 1 Markets and Market Failure
Thursday 18 May 2023
Section A
Answer EITHER Context 1 OR Context 2.
EITHER
Context 1 Total for this context: 40 marks
Electric cars and battery production
Study Extracts A, B and C and then answer all parts of Context 1 which follow.
Extract A
Table 1: Sales of cars by fuel type Figure 1: UK demand for lithium-ion batteries,
in the UK, 2020 and 2021 Gigawatt hours (GWh), 2015 to 2030
2020 2021
Diesel 261 772 135 773
Petrol 903 961 762 103
IB/G/Jun23/7136/1
, 3
Battery
108 205 190 727
Electric
Hybrid
357 126 558 578
Electric*
Total 1 631 064 1 647 181
*Hybrid Electric cars use lithium-ion
batteries and diesel/petrol
Extract B: The electric vehicle revolution
Sales of electric vehicles (EVs) in Europe have jumped from 198 000 in 2018 to an expected
1.17 million in 2021. They are an alternative to petrol and diesel vehicles, which create
damaging emissions through air pollution and contribute to climate change. EVs still only make
up about 1% of all cars on the road, but global sales of EVs are forecast to reach 10.7 million by
2025 and then 28.2 million by 2030. Carmakers have announced a total of $330 billion of 5
investment into electric and battery technology over the next five years. In fact, several
manufacturers have begun to phase out petrol and diesel cars altogether.
Why is this happening now? Regulations are becoming tighter. Ambitious plans to expand the
use of electric vehicles are one of the most obvious ways to meet emissions targets set by
national governments. The UK has already announced plans to ban the sale of petrol and 10
diesel cars by 2035. Meeting this target will require government spending to install the charging
points needed to convince consumers to switch to electric vehicles.
Another reason for the EV revolution is the improved choice of such vehicles. There are around
330 EV models on sale today, compared with just 86 five years ago. While many are still more
expensive than petrol vehicles, they boast substantially lower running costs, even more so as 15
global petrol prices rise. Also, many governments still offer generous financial incentives to
encourage people to purchase EVs.
IB/G/Jun23/7136/1
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