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Samenvatting - Statistiek voor psychologen, deel 3 (P0M20a)
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Dit is een handige samenvatting van het vak 'Statistiek voor psychologen deel 3'. Aan de hand van dit document haalde ik eenvoudig een 16/20.
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STATISTIEK 3Samenvatting
Louise Simons
, STATISTIEK 3
1. VOORSTELLING DATASET ......................................................................................................................... 3
2. INTRODUCTIE SPSS .................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1. Opstarten SPSS ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Excel-bestanden importeren .................................................................................................................. 3
2.3. Txt-bestanden importeren ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.4. Meetniveaus .......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.5. Uitzicht SPSS .......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5.1. Data editor............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.5.2. Output viewer ...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.5.3. Syntax editor ........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.6. Opslaan ................................................................................................................................................ 10
2.7. Hulp nodig? .......................................................................................................................................... 11
3. VOORBEREIDEN VAN DATA ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.1. Coderen van ontbrekende waarden ........................................................................................................... 11
3.2. Controleren op onmogelijke waarden ....................................................................................................... 11
4. BESCHRIJVENDE STATISTIEK MET 1 VARIABELE .......................................................................................... 13
4.1. Frequentiefuncties en samenvattende maten ........................................................................................... 13
4.2. Tabellen en grafieken................................................................................................................................. 13
Boxplot (STAT 1) ................................................................................................................................................ 15
5. BESCHRIJVENDE STATISTIEK MET 2 VARIABELEN ........................................................................................ 16
5.1. Conditionele grafische representaties ....................................................................................................... 16
5.2. Zuivere bivariate representaties ................................................................................................................ 16
5.2.1. Bivariate frequentietabel ................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.2. Scatterdiagram ................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.3. Lijnplot ................................................................................................................................................ 16
6. TRANSFORMEREN VAN VARIABELEN .......................................................................................................... 17
6.1. Verarmen van gegevens ............................................................................................................................ 17
6.1.1. Binning ................................................................................................................................................ 18
6.1.2. LOESS of LOWESS ............................................................................................................................... 18
6.1.3. Slechts naar een deel van de data kijken ........................................................................................... 19
6.2. Verrijken van gegevens .............................................................................................................................. 19
6.2.1. Jitter toevoegen.................................................................................................................................. 20
6.3. Bewerkingen op variabelen ....................................................................................................................... 20
6.3.1. Standaardiseren ................................................................................................................................. 20
Z-score (STAT 1) ................................................................................................................................................ 20
6.3.2. Construeren somvariabele ................................................................................................................. 20
6.3.2.1. Cronbach’s Alpha ............................................................................................................................. 21
1
, Covariantie en correlatie (stat 1) ...................................................................................................................... 22
7. BESCHRIJVENDE STATISTIEK MET 3 VARIABELEN ........................................................................................ 23
7.1. Conditionele grafische representatie uit de beschrijvende statistiek met 1 variabele ............................... 23
7.1.1. Boxplot ............................................................................................................................................... 23
7.1.2. Histogram ........................................................................................................................................... 23
7.2. Conditionele grafische representatie uit de beschrijvende statistiek met 2 variabelen............................. 24
7.3. Zuivere trivariate grafische representaties ................................................................................................ 24
8. INDUCTIEVE STATISTIEK: PARAMETERSCHATTING EN HYPOTHESETOETSING ............................................. 27
8.1. 1 gemiddelde, variantie niet gekend.......................................................................................................... 28
8.2. 2 gemiddelden, varianties niet gekend ...................................................................................................... 29
8.2.1. Onafhankelijke steekproeven ............................................................................................................. 29
8.2.2. Afhankelijke steekproeven ................................................................................................................. 30
8.3. Absolute goodness-of-fit voor twee onafhankelijke Bernouilli-variabelen ................................................ 30
8.4. Regressiegewichten ................................................................................................................................... 31
9. INDUCTIEVE STATISTIEK: EVALUATIE VAN DE HYPOTHESETOETSING .......................................................... 32
9.1. Onderscheidingsvermogen/power ............................................................................................................. 32
Effectgrootte (STAT 2) ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Kennisclips ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
inlezen Excel-data in SPSS ................................................................................................................................. 34
inlezen .txt-bestand in SPSS .............................................................................................................................. 34
gebruik van syntax editor in SPSS ..................................................................................................................... 34
visual binning .................................................................................................................................................... 34
hoofd- en interactie-effecten ............................................................................................................................ 35
Hoofd- en interactie-effecten (STAT 1) ............................................................................................................. 36
Hypothesetoetsing en intervalschatting ........................................................................................................... 36
Welke toets gebruiken? .................................................................................................................................... 38
Hypothesetoetsing als beslissingsprocedure .................................................................................................... 38
Scheefheid ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
Appendices .................................................................................................................................................... 42
Appendix 1: GEBRUIK VAN SPSS SYNTAX .......................................................................................................... 42
Appendix 2: SNELTOETSEN................................................................................................................................ 45
Appendix 3: Boxplots in SPSS ............................................................................................................................ 46
Appendix 4: FIGUREN MAKEN VIA LEGACY DIALOGS VERSUS CHART BUILDER ................................................ 49
Appendix 5: Statistische tabellen p1-6 .............................................................................................................. 50
2
, 1. VOORSTELLING DATASET
Wat is het verband tussen verschillende aspecten van gehechtheid, sociale acceptatie en
zelfwaardering?
Types SPSS-bestanden:
- Data --> *.sav
- Output --> *.spv
- Syntax --> .sps
- Onderzoeksvraag, variabelen, ...
- Ook ontbrekende gegevens: steeds ook rapporteren en aangeven (om bewust te zijn van
mogelijk vertekend beeld – vb. bij mensen waar behandeling niet is aangeslagen die achteraf
minder geneigd zijn om nog verder deel te nemen aan de studie)
Ruwe data dataset
- Decimaalteken altijd komma
- Ruimte tussen kolommen: is een tab om kolommen te onderscheiden
2. INTRODUCTIE SPSS
Point-and-click vs command syntax
- SPSS werkt met point-and-click: grafische omgeving die tussen jou en de computer staat➔je
moet niet alles zelf programmeren, maar gewoon klikken: SPSS gaat hiermee aan de slag,
vormt een commando (code) en het programma voert dit uit
- Command syntax is ook nog steeds mogelijk, om bepaalde dingen die je met point- and-click
gedaan hebt nog eens te kopiëren (principe van reproduceerbaarheid)
2.1. OPSTARTEN SPSS
2.2. EXCEL-BESTANDEN IMPORTEREN
3
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