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BKAT Critical Care Review exams/ 80 Questions with solved Answers.
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BKAT Critical Care Review exams/ 80Questions with solved Answers.
Normal Central Venous Pressure (CVP) range - -2-8 mmHg
-Normal Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP) range - -6-12 mmHg
-Normal Pulmonary Artery Systolic (PAS) range - -20-30 mmHg
-Normal Pulmonary Artery Diastolic (PAD) range - -5-15 mmHg
-Normal Pulmonary Artery Mean (PAM) - -11-20 mmHg
-Normal Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) range - -800-1200 mmHg
-Preload - -volume left in the left ventricle at the end of diastole
-What is preload affected by? - -venous return to the heart, atrial kick, total volume,
and ventricular compliance
-What drugs can affect preload? - -Furosemide and nitroglycerin
-Afterload - -Amount of pressure heart has to overcome to pump blood out
-What drugs may affect afterload? - -Vasoconstricters and vasodilators
-Contractility - -the contractile force of the heart, how much will it take to move the
preload out against the afterload
-What is the appropriate hold time after pulling an arterial line? - -5-10 min
-What part of the heart does the PAOP affect? - -Left ventricle
-What part of the heart does the CVP affect? - -Right ventricle
-What does it mean when the PAOP is elevated? - -Increased left ventricular end
diastolic pressure that could be indicative of left ventricular dysfunction or failure
-What does it mean if CVP is elevated? - -Fluid overload or decreased compliance (such
as with ARDS and COPD)
-Difference between stable and unstable angina - -Stable angina: pain happens with
certain activities but then goes away with rest.
Unstable angina: chest pain can occur at rest, becomes more sever or frequent, or lasts
longer
, -ECG changes with an acute MI? - -ST elevation or depression
-ECG changes with hyperkalemia - -Peaked T waves
-What conditions may cause elevated cardiac enzymes? - -Trauma, acute MI, CABG,
and pericarditis
-What is the goal of treatment with cariogenic shock? - -to increase cardiac output
-What are the effects of nitroprusside (Nipride) and dobutamine (Dobutrex) on preload,
afterload, and contractility? - -They both increase cardiac output, heart rate, and
contractility
-Special precautions of Nipride - -It can cause severe hypotension and cyanide toxicity
-Where to listen to assess with a murmur associated with aortic stenosis - -right upper
sternal border
-What is the most important thing to watch for when administering tPa? - -mental
status changes
-Anti-clotting medications - -Aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), ticagrelor (Brilinta),
warfarin (Coumadin), heparin, apixaban (Eliquis), and enoxaparin (Lovenox)
-Heart rate controlling medications - -Beta blockers (-lol), calcium channel blockers (-
ipine), Digoxin
-Heart rhythm controlling medications - -Na+ channel blockers (lidocaine) and K+
channel blockers (amiodarone)
-R on T phenomenon - -When pacing, a strong ventricular stimulus occurring on top of
the T wave that can initiate a sustained ventricular tachyarrythmia
-Normal PR interval - -0.12-0.20 seconds
-What can a long PR interval (>0.20 seconds) indicate? - -1st degree heart block,
hypokalemia, acute rheumatic fever, or carditis associated with Lyme disease
-Normal QRS complex - -0.12 seconds or less
-What could a wide QRS complex (>0.12 seconds) indicate? - -Right or left BBB,
pacemaker, hyperkalemia, or ventricular pre-excitation associated with Wolf-Parkinson-
White pattern
-Normal QT interval - -Less than or equal to 0.04 seconds
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