Summary made on the basis of the slides and my own notes. This summary also includes an extensive processing of the judgments seen per relevant paragraph. Tips for the exam are also mentioned and the cases and questions have been fully developed.
,Human Rights Law
Inhoud
Concept Human rights............................................................................................................................7
1. Terminology....................................................................................................................................7
2. Legal sources...................................................................................................................................7
3. Historical perspective......................................................................................................................9
4. (NO) Hierarchy................................................................................................................................9
Universal Protection (United Nations)....................................................................................................9
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights..........................................................................................9
2. Treaties.........................................................................................................................................10
3. Universal Mechanisms..................................................................................................................10
A. Treaty-based: Committees........................................................................................................11
B. Charter-based: political mechanism.........................................................................................11
C. Officer of the High Commissioner for Human Rights................................................................12
4. Illustrations...................................................................................................................................12
5. Cases and questions......................................................................................................................12
Regional Protection: Europe.................................................................................................................12
1. Introduction: Two Europes............................................................................................................12
2. Council of Europe: Legal sources..................................................................................................13
3. Council of Europe: Enforcement Mechanisms..............................................................................13
A. European Court of Human Rights.............................................................................................13
B. European Committee Social Rights (ECSR)................................................................................22
2. Cases and Questions.....................................................................................................................22
Regional Protection: European Union...................................................................................................23
1. EU Human Rights Sources.............................................................................................................23
A. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU.................................................................................24
2. EU enforcement mechanisms.......................................................................................................25
A. Political Enforcement................................................................................................................25
B. Judicial Enforcement.................................................................................................................26
C. Relationship European Union and Counsil of Europe...............................................................27
4. Cases and question.......................................................................................................................27
Effect of Human Right Treaties in Belgium............................................................................................28
1. Relationship between legal orders: effect of treaties in Belgium..................................................28
2. Human Rights Protection in Belgium............................................................................................30
1
, 3. Execution of ECtHR judgments in Belgium....................................................................................31
Typology of Human Rights Obligations.................................................................................................32
1. Human Rights Treaties: interpreting open norms.........................................................................32
2. Typology of the State’s Obligations...............................................................................................34
A. Negative Obligations (obligation to respect).............................................................................35
B. Positive Obligations (obligation to protect and fulfill)...............................................................36
C. Derogable Rights in Times of Emergency ?...............................................................................39
3. Cases and questions......................................................................................................................40
Right to life...........................................................................................................................................41
1. Absolute Right..............................................................................................................................41
2. The scope......................................................................................................................................41
3. Obligations....................................................................................................................................43
A. Negative obligation...................................................................................................................43
B. Positive obligations...................................................................................................................44
4. Positive obligations.......................................................................................................................46
1. Protection against authorities...................................................................................................46
2. Protection against risks emanating from other individuals.......................................................46
3. Protection against yourself.......................................................................................................46
4. Minimal life conditions.............................................................................................................47
5. Procedural obligation: effective investigation...........................................................................47
Example Önyerildiz v. Turkey.........................................................................................................48
Example: da Silva v. VK..................................................................................................................49
5. Cases and questions......................................................................................................................52
Prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment..................................................................53
1. Absolute right...............................................................................................................................53
2. Applicability..................................................................................................................................54
3. Classification (Merits)...................................................................................................................54
4. Obligations....................................................................................................................................55
5. Attribution – burden of proof.......................................................................................................55
Example:police violence...................................................................................................................55
Example: corporal punishment children...........................................................................................58
Example: detention...........................................................................................................................58
Example: domestic violence against women....................................................................................60
Example: extradition foreigner.........................................................................................................61
6. Cases and question.......................................................................................................................63
Right to a fair trial.................................................................................................................................64
2
, A. Applicability......................................................................................................................................64
1. General.........................................................................................................................................64
A. Determination of civil rights.....................................................................................................64
B. Determination of criminal charge.............................................................................................65
2. A. Example ‘civil’ rights: civil servants...........................................................................................65
2.B. Example ‘civil’ rights: interim measure......................................................................................67
3. Example ‘criminal’ charge.............................................................................................................68
B. Guarantees.......................................................................................................................................70
1. General guarantees ‘with implied limitations’..............................................................................70
A. Right to a court (including right of access)................................................................................70
B. Organisation and Composition.................................................................................................72
C. Conduct of the proceedings......................................................................................................72
B. Criminal proceedings: right to be presumed innocent..................................................................74
C. Criminal proceedings: overview....................................................................................................74
A. Right to participate in the hearing............................................................................................74
B. Law of evidence/ Right to remain silent...................................................................................76
C. Right of access to a lawyer........................................................................................................78
D. Cases and Questions.....................................................................................................................81
Right to respect for private and family life............................................................................................83
A. Right to respect for private life.....................................................................................................83
1. Scope........................................................................................................................................83
2. Negative obligation...................................................................................................................84
3. Positive obligations...................................................................................................................89
B. Right to respect family life............................................................................................................93
1. Scope........................................................................................................................................93
2. Negative obligation: H.K. – father suspected of child abuse – child taken in emergency care. .94
2.1. Expulsion (Üner v. the Netherlands).....................................................................................94
3. Positive obligation.....................................................................................................................95
3.1. Sahin (Family Life) – Refusal of access to child.......................................................................96
C. Cases and Questions.....................................................................................................................96
1. S and Larper..............................................................................................................................96
2. Strand Lobben...........................................................................................................................97
3. Begging in the streets under the scope of art. 8 ECHR..................................................................98
Freedom of Assembly and Association.................................................................................................98
1. Sources.........................................................................................................................................98
2. Freedom of Assembly and Association.........................................................................................98
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