Gescheideniswerkplaats- 2VWO - Chapter 5 civilians and steam engines - summary - ENGLISH
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Course
Geschiedenis
Level
VWO / Gymnasium
A summary of history workshop chapter 5, civilians and steam engines.
Suitable for TTO students in 2HAVO, 2VWO, 2HAVO/VWO.
PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS SUMMARY IS IN ENGLISH.
See other summaries, for the Dutch summary.
5.1
sector: part of the economy, agricultural sector, industrial sector, services sector.
Industrialisation: industrial growth.
Industrial capitalism: capitalism in which entrepreneurs in the industry have control.
Industrial revolution: radical change in production, in which manual labour was replaced by machines.
Industrial society: society in which most people live in cities and work in industry or the service sector.
Modern times: fifth period (1800 to present)
Time of citizens and steam engines: from 1800 to 1900
Bourgeoisie: Group of rich/high ranking citizens.
1830: First Railway (between Liverpool/Manchester) Was put to use.
1765: Steam machines created more pressure, could be used outside mines.
1750: Spinning wheel replaced with wooden spinning and weaving machines.
1800: Spinning/weaving machines driven by steam engines
1830: industrialisation sped up with rise of steam train/ship.
1850: Countries beside great Britain started industrial revolution
1870: Petroleum was used for energy instead of coal.
1870: Steam engines were made of steel instead of iron
1884: Thomas Edison invented the light bulb
1900: 50% British population worked in industrial sector.
At the end of the 18th century, the industrial revolution began.
A lot changed for the people at that time.
- manual labour replaced by machines
- More people worked in factories
- People travelled with steam train -ship
- prosperity increased enormously.
Merge industrial society
- The population had grown rapidly.
- Therefore, more had to be produced.
- More houses.
- An industrial society emerged
Steam engine
- Worked on coal
- made of iron (had to be strong, due to high pressure)
- For the construction of trains, pumping water from mines.
Consequences steam engine
- Production went faster
- Products could more easily reach consumers from the factories.
- Sped up rise of industrialisation.
Great Britain Workshop of the world provided the whole world with industrial products.
- More and more food was produced.
- Tools were improved
- As a result of innovations, agricultural production increased. As a result, fewer and fewer people were
needed on the land.
The industrial revolution began in Britain, but then spread to other countries. Western Europe and the US
followed. The Netherlands was relatively late.
Changes were happening faster.
- Oil became an important source of energy
- Iron was replaced by steel
- New industries arose (chemical and food industry, e.g. emergence of new food)
Rapid population growth
- More people lived in cities
- Increased food production
- Cities grew
, - Production grew
Disadvantages industrial revolution.
- Unhealthy
- Environmental pollution
- The only thing that counted was making as much profit as possible. Money/capital was the most
important thing.
Merchant capitalism replaced by industrial capitalism, entrepreneurs had control of economy.
Changing society
- From agricultural urban society to capitalist industrial society
- The old master-servant relationship was replaced by an impersonal relationship between employer
(boss) and employee (the one who works)
5.2
Cabinet: the ministerial team, all ministers
Head of government: head of government
Head of state: person who has the highest authority in the state, but does not have to have the most power
House of representatives: Part of states general with members elected by citizens.
Liberal: One who strives towards more freedom in politics.
Parliament Democracy: system in which government depends on parliament that is elected through universal suffrage.
Parliamentary system: political system in which parliament has the highest power
Prime minister: Head of government.
Provincial states: People’s representation in the province.
Civil liberties: citizens' rights, such as freedom of religion
Senate: part of the States – General whose members have been elected by the Provincial Council.
1813: The Netherlands becomes a constitutional monarchy
1815: Kingdom of The Netherlands (the Netherlands and Belgium) was created.
1830: Belgium becomes independent and no longer belongs to the Netherlands.
1831: Belgium got a liberal constitution.
1840: Liberals demanded control of finances, as the old king had spent too much money.
1848: Amendment of the Constitution.
1919: The Netherlands is granted universal suffrage
In 1813, King William I came to power, thus the Netherlands became a constitutional monarchy. At this time,
the king still had a lot of power, despite the fact that there was a constitution.
Parliament
- Senate and House of representatives were called stated general.
- Parliament had to approve new laws.
Influence King William I
- King appointed members of senate
- King was head of the state and had highest authority in state, and head of government.
- King chose, and fired ministers.
- King made decisions about army, foreign politics, colonies
Separation Belgium and Netherlands
Belgium disapproved of kings’ power and became independent in 1830.
Many were liberals; they thought there should be a stronger parliament. They strove for freedom and
democracy. Belgium got a liberal constitution in 1831.
Uprising in the netherlands
- Son Willem II did not listen to liberals, who wanted control of the finances.
- There were many uprisings, William II his power was in danger.
- Thorbecke was appointed to make a new constitution.
constitution of 1848
- gave parliament the highest power.
- The head of state lost almost all power.
- citizens elected the House of Representatives.
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