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Multivariate Stats Midterm Exam - Q&A
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Multivariate Stats Midterm Exam - Q&AWhat is the purpose of inferential statistics? ✔️Ans - To determine
relationships between variables
What is the nature of descriptive statistics? ✔️Ans - To describe data sets
What are the two kinds of data? ✔️Ans - Nominal(grouping variable like
ethnicity/gender), numerical (score, IQ)
why do data types need to be evaluated before conducting any statistical
analysis on a data set? ✔️Ans - To know what analyses to use
What does the mean assess? ✔️Ans - The average
What does the standard deviation assess? ✔️Ans - Average deviation from
the mean
Describe the features of the z-score distribution. ✔️Ans - Mean of zero, SD
of 1.
Describe the metric problem and how z-scores help overcome this problem.
✔️Ans - distance from 0-1 is different between measures so comparing two
unknown metrics is impossible. Z-score standardizes the metrics into SD's
Define null hypothesis? ✔️Ans - any relationship due to chance
Define alternative/research hypothesis? ✔️Ans - There is a relationship
between x and y
Define level of significance/alpha? ✔️Ans - the probability that the
relationship is not due to chance. P-value compared to this
Define Level of significance/alpha? ✔️Ans - the probability that the
relationship is not due to chance. P-value compared to this.
define statistical significance ✔️Ans - the probability that the result is due
to chance is less than 5%
, Define Type 1 error ✔️Ans - false positive
Define Type 2 error ✔️Ans - false negative
Define Power ✔️Ans - the ability to detect small trends in the data
set/reject the null
p < .05 ✔️Ans - less than 5% chance due to chance, sig
p > .05 ✔️Ans - More than 5% chance due to chance, non sig
Discuss the basic ideas behind hypothesis testing. ✔️Ans - Statistical results
can be due to chance, so we attach probabilities, then determine whether the
null is true or not
Describe when a statistic is said to be "statistically significant" ✔️Ans -
When there is a 5% or less chance that it is due to chance.
List one way to increase the power of a statistical test. ✔️Ans - Increase
sample size
List and describe the two features of the correlation coefficient. ✔️Ans -
Direction (positive slope vs. negative slope) and magnitude (value, 0=no
relationship-1=perfect relationship)
Given a SPSS partial correlation output be able to describe the partial
correlation in words. ✔️Ans - when controlling for (direction, magnitude,
significance)
Describe the ideas behind the partial correlations coefficient ("What does it
mean when something is being 'controlled for'? ✔️Ans - looking at the
relationship between two variables when their relationship with a third
variable has been removed
Compare and contrast correlation and regression. ✔️Ans - Both assess
linear relationships between variables. Regression allows you to do
predictions where correlation does not.
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