IAL Biology Unit 5 - Summary and Key Takeaways for the Scientific Article - January 2024
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Course
IAL - International A Level Biology
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IAL - International A Level Biology
Summary and Key points for the Pearson Edexcel International Biology Advanced Level. Scientific Article (Question 8 – Unit 5) - January 2024
In unit 5, the last question (question 8) is based on a pre-released scientific article a total of 30 marks.
In this document, you will find a summary...
WBI05/01– Article potential questions Biology A Level Tutor
Summary and Key Takeaways for Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level
for use with Question 8 – Unit 5, January 2024
In unit 5, the last question (question 8) is based on a pre-released scientific article a total of 30
marks.
In this document, you will find a summary (290 words), the 10 main key takeaways explaining what
the article is all about and the key takeaways for each paragraph. This work refers to the Scientific
Article for question 8 for Biology IAL (International Advanced Level) WBIO5/1.
(The article is provided by Pearson Edexcel Examination – January 2024)
1
, WBI05/01– Article potential questions Biology A Level Tutor
Summary of the article (290 words):
The article discusses sarcopenia, the involuntary loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that
occurs with age, leading to increased disability in older individuals. It highlights the various
physiological changes associated with aging, such as muscle mass reduction, increased fat mass,
bone density decrease, joint stiffness, and hormonal alterations, all of which contribute to
sarcopenia.
It explores potential causes of sarcopenia, including cellular and neuromuscular alterations,
changes in endocrine function, responsiveness to nutrients, and decreased physical activity.
Hormonal changes, particularly in testosterone levels in men and estrogen levels in women, are
noted for their impact on muscle mass and strength decline.
The article underscores the role of endocrine changes, specifically the decline in testosterone in
men and estrogen in women, in contributing to muscle loss. Additionally, it discusses insulin
resistance, highlighting its prevalence in older individuals and its potential link to sarcopenia due
to changes in body composition.
Physical activity emerges as a crucial factor, with inactivity being a significant contributor to
sarcopenia. Both resistance and aerobic exercises are suggested as beneficial in countering muscle
mass and strength reduction.
Nutrition also plays a pivotal role, with malnutrition leading to muscle wasting. The article suggests
that older individuals may need higher protein intake than currently recommended to prevent or
treat sarcopenia effectively. It discusses the significance of essential amino acids in stimulating
muscle protein synthesis and the potential benefits of nutritional interventions.
In conclusion, the article proposes a multifaceted approach to address sarcopenia, emphasizing
the importance of hormone balance, exercise, and proper nutrition. Testosterone replacement
therapy for hypogonadal older men, exercise incorporating resistance and aerobic components,
and nutritional supplementation are highlighted as potential interventions to mitigate
sarcopenia's effects. However, further research is suggested to better understand and refine these
intervention strategies.
2
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