1. Which of the following major problems results from the denial of preventive services (such as prenatal
care, dental care, and immunizations) to any given population?
a. spiraling costs for emergency medical services
b. health maintenance organizations losing money
c. extensive waiting lists for clinic health care services
d. closing of small community hospitals
ANS: A
Feedback
A Correct: By denying preventive services minor health problems are not detected and
treated early. Therefore, the problems become more serious, often requiring treatment in
acute care and emergency settings, a more expensive approach than prevention.
B Incorrect: The rationale for health maintenance organizations (HMOs) is to provide
preventive services by a primary care provider to contain costs. If individuals have to be
treated in the more costly acute or emergency settings for problems which could have
been detected earlier, the HMOs may lose money. However this is not the most
important problem resulting from denial of preventive services.
C Incorrect: Preventive services are provided in clinic settings. However, if these services
are denied, individuals will be utilizing clinics less frequently, thereby, reducing waiting
lists.
D Incorrect: Denial of preventive servicdes should not have any effect on small
community hospitals.
2. Poverty rates are highest in which of the following types of families?
a. two-parent c. adoptive
b. single-parent d. foster
ANS: B
Feedback
A Incorrect: Poverty rates in two-parent families are much lower than those in families
headed by a single parent. The potential exists for both parents to work which would
increase household income.
B Correct: Almost half of all poor children live in single-parent (usually women)
households. The risk of poverty is high for the following reasons: low wages for
women, low educational attainment for single mothers, and low rates and levels of child
support from fathers.
C Incorrect: When a child is adopted, there usually is adequate income to raise the
individual at a decent living standard.
D Incorrect: Foster parents are typically compensated and/or receive public benefits by
state or federal programs. Poverty is not an issue in these families
,3. Which of the following factors most increases the prevalence of illnesses such as asthma and anemia,
as well as respiratory and gastrointestinal infections?
a. household smokers c. poverty
b. family history of these illnesses d. education
ANS: C
Feedback
A Incorrect: Household smokers may increase the prevalence of asthma and respiratory
problems. However, second had smoke will not affect the prevalence of anemia or
gastrointestional infections.
B Incorrect: Heredity plays a role in the etiology of asthma and other respiratory illnesses
such as cystic fibrosis because these disorders tend to appear in families. However, a
family history of other illnesses such as anemia and gastrointestinal infections does not
increase their prevalence.
C Correct: Children who live in poverty have diminshed physical health, higher mortality
and morbidity, and decreased access to health care than nonpoor children. Therefore,
they experience an increased incidence of physical and emotional health problems.
D Incorrect: Lack of education and skills are at the root of poverty. So family income has
significant effects on the well being of children. Yet, poverty is the major factor that
increases the prevalence of illness.
4. The children who are at greatest risk of infant death are born:
a. to mothers under age 18 c. to fathers and mothers over age 40
b. into families in poverty d. into families with alcohol problems
ANS: B
Feedback
A Incorrect: Birth weight is the major determinant of infant mortality rate (IMR).The
lower the birth rate, the higher the mortality. Adolescent pregnancy is associated with
low birth weight which contributes to infant mortality, but it is not the major factor.
B Correct: Racial disparities exist for infant mortality. The IMR for African Americans is
twice the rate for whites because of the high rate of low birth weight infants born to
minority mothers. Poverty is the most important factor in determining IMR. More
nonwhites than whites are poor in the United States. Women who live in poverty are
unlikely to be in good health or to have access to prenatal care which are vital during
pregnancy.
C Incorrect: Infant mortality rate is higher for mothers over the age of 40. However, this
does not apply to fathers.
D Incorrect: Although substance abuse such as alcohol does affect birth outcomes, it is not
the greatest risk factor of infant death.
5. The chance that a child will have to repeat a grade in school or be placed in special education classes:
a. is the same for the general population, regardless of circumstances
b. depends mainly on the quality of the schools and the teachers
c. increases a small amount for each year the child lives in poverty
d. depends mainly on whether the child has moved during the school year
, ANS: C
Feedback
A Incorrect: School achievement declines with the time a child spends in poverty, thus
increasing the possibility of having to repeat a grade or be placed in special education
classes. A child living in poverty does not have the same chance of succeeding in school
as a child in the general population.
B Incorrect: Poor quality of schools and teachers may adversely affect a child’s
performance in school; however, it is not the major predictor of a child having to repeat
a grade or be placed in special education.
C Correct: The chance a child will be retained in a grade or be placed in special education
increses 2% to 3% for every year that the child lives in poverty.
D Incorrect: Moving during the school year may affect a child’s performance in school,
but it is not the most significant factor.
6. The fastest-growing segment of the homeless population consists of which of the following groups?
a. alcoholics refusing treatment c. single males
b. mentally ill people d. families with children
ANS: D
Feedback
A Incorrect: Many individuals become homeless because of substnace abuse, but they are
not the fastest growing segment of the homeless population.
B Incorrect: Mental illness is one reason for homelesssness, but mentally ill people are not
the fastest growing segment of the homeless population.
C Incorrect: In the past the homeless population primarily consisted of single males;
however, this is not true today.
D Correct: Currently the fastest growing segment of the homeless consist of families with
children, most commonly single mothers with two or three children.
7. Which of the following groups of people disproportionately represents the homeless population?
a. African Americans c. Hispanics
b. Caucasians d. Asians
ANS: A
Feedback
A Correct: The homeless population is disproportionately represented by African
Americans. Chronic and peristant multigenerational poverty is the primary driving force
resulting in this group’s homelessness.
B Incorrect: Caucasian’s poverty rate is the lowest among these racial and ethnic groups.
C Incorrect: Hispanics poverty rate at 21.5% as compared to 25.3% to the African
American group is the second most likely racial/ethnic group to be affected by
homelessness.
D Incorrect: Asian population like the Caucasian population is 50% or more lesss likely to
be entrapped in a chronic, persistent cycle of poverty.
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