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Organic Chemistry Notes
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Organic chemistry notes from Dawson College (approximately 44 pages)
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chapter1 generalchemistryreviewdiapolemoment
representation
ofapartialchargedistribution in a polarcovalentbondasarrows
arrowspointtowards negative
charge
thenetdiapoleofthemoleculedeterminesthepolarity
example
some sdue
zerodiapole nonpolar
netdiapolemoment symmetrynetdiapolemay
bezero nonpolar C symmetry
I
c i
g
electronegativity
toattractelectrons
electronegativitytendency
periodictable F C3r SC
Chemical
bonding
nonpolar 0.5
polar0.5 1.7
ionic 1.7
formalcharge
formalcharge ofvalenceelectrons oflonepairelectrons1121 bondingelectrons
themoleculeandnegativeformalchargesaremorestableon
formalchargeswilladduptothetotalchargeof
themostelectronegativeatom
,constitutionalisomers
thesame
connectedbuthave
constitutional structuralisomersdifferintheorderinwhichtheatomsare
molecularformula
examples
ethanol dimethylether
cc C c
hydrogenbond greaterpolarity
greaterboilingpoint OHbonds
of tobreak
requirealot energy notethismoleculeispolar
C C3
bentstructure
xample2
eachintermediatecarbonbonds
totwohydrogen
ytwoterminalcarbons
Cl
Cl onlybondedtoonehydrogen
asitcanonlymakedbonds
a aterminalcarbonwill
havethreehydrogenbonds molecularformula cectlaCHICH.la
eachpeakrepresentsacarbon
molecular
formula Cahall
,hybridization
typesofhybridorbitals
splinear 2 bonds 1800bondangle
spatrigonalplanar 3bonds 1200bondangle
sp3 tetrahedral 4bonds 109.50bondangle
xamples identifying hybridization
C s y
spa
y
Ionpairsareconsideredasabond
spa 1s
of
upthespace onebond
doubletriplebondstake
molecular
orbitals
constructiveinterference
molecularorbitalformedismorestablethaneitheratomicorbital
calleda molecularorbital
bonding
destructiveinterference
molecularorbitalformedislessstable
than atomicorbitals
original
calledantibondingmolecularorbital alwayscontainnodes
esonancestructure
resonancestructureiscreated
byelectronmovement thereforethecurvedarrowscanbeusedtotrackhowth
electronsare
being
delocalizedwithin themolecule
electronsflowfrom electrondensitytolowdensity
high
Keyguidelines
1 neverbreaka bond
single
2 moveonlylonepairelectronsor it bond electrons
pi
3 neverexceedtheoctetforsecondrowelements CNOandF
4 theuse two ormore curvedarrowsisallowedonly thesecondarrowremovesthe
of if
, violationfromthefirstarrow
5 thenetformal
chargeofthe
resonance structuresmustremainthesame
example
e e s
r n
i t
e s e s chargeismoststableonthemost electronegative
n atom C
thebond
afterbreaking
chargeonthecarbon
electronsaremoved positive
chapter2acids
andbases
Arrheniusdefinition
acidsubstancethatproducesHtions
basesubstancethatproducesonions
BronstedLowrydefinition
acidprotondonor
baseprotonacceptor
lewisdefinition
acidsubstancethatacceptselectrons
basesubstancethatdonateselectrons
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