Cambridge International A Levels Chemistry A2 (9701)
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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL A2 LEVEL CHEMISTRY (9701) ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES
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Cambridge International A Levels Chemistry A2 (9701)
Institution
Methodist College Kuala Lumpur
Master A2-level Organic Chemistry effortlessly with our targeted and concise notes! Tailored for A-level students, these notes provide a thorough exploration of organic compounds, reactions, and mechanisms. Clear explanations and visual aids simplify complex concepts, ensuring efficient learning an...
Cambridge International A Levels Chemistry A2 (9701)
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CAMBRIDGE
INTERNATIONAL A2
LEVEL CHEMISTRY
(9701) ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY NOTES
, CHAPTER 25: BENZENE AND DERIVATIVES
Recap: AS organic chemistry:
- Electrophilic addition
- Nucleophilic substitution
Naming aromatic compounds:
Shape and bonding in benzene, C6H6:
- Shape:
o Carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized
o C-C-C bond angle of 120 – trigonal planar
o Benzene molecule has a planar structure
- Bonding:
o Sp2 orbitals between C-H and C-C overlap to form 3 σ bonds per C atom
o P orbitals from each carbon atom overlap sideways with each other forming π bonds
o The π bonds contain delocalized electrons resonance structures
Resonance structures in benzene:
, Properties of benzene:
- Clear, colourless, non-polar liquid at r.t.p
- Volatile and has a low b.p.
- Relatively unreactive due to strong bonding
o Catalyst and/ or heating required
Reactions involving benzene and its derivatives:
- Electrophilic substitution
o Halogenation
A hydrogen atom on an organic compound is replaced with one halogen group
o Alkylation
Hydrogen atom on an organic compound is replaced with one alkyl group
o Acylation
A hydrogen atom on an organic compound is replaced with one acyl group
o Nitration
A hydrogen atom on an organic compound is replaced with one nitro (-NO 2)
group
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