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PCU Exam 2023/2024 already graded A+
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PCU Exam 2023/2024 already graded A+
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PCU Examwhat are normal ABG values? - ANSpH: acidic 7.35-7.45 basic
CO2: basic 35-45 acidic
HCO3-: acidic 22-26 basic
normal paO2 - ANS80-100 mmHg
what pH levels are lethal? - ANSoutside 6.8-7.8
where are ABGs drawn from? what test is done to ensure adequate blood flow? -
ANSperipheral artery; allen's test for radial artery
How do the kidneys help maintain acid-base balance? - ANSretain/excrete basic HCO3 and
retain/excrete acidic H+
treatments for respiratory acidosis - ANS-oxygen
-intubation
-bronchodilators
-drug reversal agents
-incentive spirometer
-suction
treatments for respiratory alkalosis - ANS-breathing into paper bag
-anxiolytics
-analgesics
-reduce fever
-reduce ventilation
-return to normal altitude
treatments for metabolic acidosis - ANS-IV sodium bicarbonate
-manage blood sugar
-antibiotics
-reversal for OD
-anti-diarrheal agents
-dialysis
-encourage respirations/ventilate
treatments for metabolic alkalosis - ANS-antiemetics
-stop suctioning
, -d/c drugs causing acid loss (diuretics, antacids)
-hydrochloric acid (rare)
what is systolic vs diastolic heart failure? - ANSsystolic: type of L sided HF with reduced EF of <
40%; impaired contraction
diastolic: type of L sided HF with preserved EF > 50%; impaired relaxation
what 3 things occur in systolic HF? - ANS1. SNS activation (increased HR, contractility,
peripheral vasoconstriction)
2. RAAS activation (sodium + water retention, peripheral vasoconstriction)
3. LV dilation
what are symptoms of right sided heart failure? - ANSswelling: swelling, weight gain, edema,
large neck vein (JVD), lethargy, irregular HR, nocturia, girth, hepatic tenderness, anorexia,
ascitis
what are treatments for right sided heart failure? - ANS-sodium and fluid restriction to manage
preload
-moderate doses of diuretics
-ACE, ARBs, beta blockers if due to L ventricular failure
what are symptoms of left sided heart failure? - ANSdrowning: dyspnea, rales/crackles,
orthopnea, weakness, nocturnal dyspnea, increased HR, nagging cough, gaining weight,
hypotension
what are symptoms of systolic heart failure? - ANSs3, edema, weight gain, crackles, dyspnea,
chest tightness, oliguria, JVD, weak pulses, cool pale skin, altered mental status
diagnostic tests for heart failure - ANS-ECG
-xray
-ECHO
-BNP (normal < 100 75 & under, < 450 75+)
-cardiac biomarkers
what are treatments for systolic HF? - ANS-ARNIs, ACE-Is, ARBs
-beta blockers
-aldosterone antagonists
-diuretics
-vasodilators
-anticoagulation
-physical activity
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