EBM Final Exam Questions & Answers 2023/2024
5 steps of evidence-based medicine process - ANSWER-1. Define the clinical question
2. Retrieve pertinent literature
3. Evaluate critical literature
4. Categorize quality of evidence
5. Develop a conclusion and recommendation
Define the acron...
EBM Final Exam Questions & Answers 2023/2024
5 steps of evidence-based medicine process - ANSWER-1. Define the clinical question
2. Retrieve pertinent literature
3. Evaluate critical literature
4. Categorize quality of evidence
5. Develop a conclusion and recommendation
Define the acronym PICO - ANSWER-P: patients
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcome
What are the 3 types of comparative trials? - ANSWER-1. Head-to-head
2. Similar control
3. Dissimilar control
What recommendation can you make from a head-to-head trial? - ANSWER-Strong recommendation can
be made
What recommendation can you make from a similar control trial? - ANSWER-Recommendation can be made with caveats
What recommendation can you make from a dissimilar control trial? - ANSWER-Comparisons can be discussed
What are the two observational trials? - ANSWER-1. Cohort 2. Case-control
What recommendation can you make from a cohort trial? - ANSWER-No cause-effect relationships can be drawn
What recommendation can you make from a case-control trial? - ANSWER-No cause-effect relationships can be drawn
What are the three "other" types of trials? - ANSWER-1. Case study
2. Case series
3. Case report
What recommendation can you make from a case study? - ANSWER-Observations only with some speculation
What recommendation can you make from a case series? - ANSWER-Observations only with some speculation
What recommendation can you make from a case report? - ANSWER-Observations only with some speculation
Design characteristics of observational studies - ANSWER-1. "wait and see"
2. investigators observe effects
3. usually gather lots of data
4. analyze for patterns
5. good for discovering things that need to be investigated further
6. looking for patterns, CANNOT demonstrate a cause and effect
Design characteristics of interventional studies - ANSWER-1. investigators make deliberate change or intervention
2. observe for effects of change 3. good for investigating the effect of a particular change
4. may be able to determine "cause and effect"
5. Determine a cause and effect
Design characteristics of a prospective study - ANSWER-1. "forward in time"
2. gathering data on events as they happen
3. "creating a chart"
4. do not know what's going to happen=less likely to be biased
Design characteristics of a retrospective study - ANSWER-1. "backward in time"
2. gathering data from historical documentation
3. "looking at chart"
4. may already know what's going to happen=more likely to be biased
Design characteristics of an uncontrolled study - ANSWER-1. Results of ONE group's experience
2. CANNOT determine cause and effect
3. Interventional or observational
Design characteristics of a controlled study - ANSWER-1. Results of a group experiencing event compared
to results of group not experiencing event
2. 2 or more groups
3. Interventional or observational
4. comparison group
What are the five control methods? - ANSWER-1. placebo
2. active
3. no treatment
4. dose comparison
5. uncontrolled
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