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UNE CHEM 1011 LAB FINAL 20223/2024 already graded A+
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UNE CHEM 1011 LAB FINAL 20223/2024 already graded A+
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UNE CHEM 1011 LAB FINALsolution - ANSconsists of a solvent (dissolving medium) and one or more solutes; most of its
properites are dependent on the properties of the solute
Colligative properties - ANSproperties of a solution that depend only on the number of particles
dissolved in it, not the properties of the particles themselves. The main ones are boiling point
elevation and freezing point depression.
Boiling point - ANStemeperature where vapor pressure equals atoms on the liquid;
-elevated boiling points are related to: 1) # concentration of solute particles & 2) the nature of
the solvent
**solutions with non-volatile solutes have a decreased vapor pressure which means that an
increased temp is req'd to boil the solution than a pure solvent
how does solute affect freezing point - ANSthe presence of the solute interferes with formation
of a solid as th eolutions cools; solutins with non-volatile solutes have a decreased freezing
points than pure solvents
hypotonic solution - ANSif a cell is placed in a salt concentration in a solution lower than that of
the cell
-->the water will move from the solution into the cell and will expand
hypertonic solution - ANSthe cell is placed in a solution of increased salt concentration and the
ewater will move from the inside of the cell to the solution and cell with shrink
osmotic pressure - ANSthe pressure that must be applied to stop the movement of solvent
through the membrane
chemical kinetics - ANSa study of how quickly chemical reactions occur and the factors that
affect this speed
reaction rate - ANSspeed of a chemical reaction; a measure of the change in reactant
concentrations over time
--> Rate= (concentration of A @t2 - conc of A @t1) / (t2-t1)
differences in reaction rates that are independent vs dependent of concentration of reactant -
ANS** if reaction rate is independent of concentration = the amount of reactant consumed and
time is LINEAR
** if the reaction rate is dependent of concentration of reactant, the relationship is curvilinear
, rate law equation - ANSrate = k [A]^x [B]^y
** A & B = the concentrations of the reactants
** x & y = the order of the reaction
zero order - ANSrate is independent of the reactnat's concentration and DOES NOT appear in
rate law
first order - ANSwill have an exponent of one; rate is directly proportional to any reactant (if
concentration of reactant incrases by two (doubles) the rate will ALSO double
second order - ANSappear in rate law as the concentration of the reactant squared; if
concentration of reactant is doubled, the rate will increase by a factor of 4
chemical system - ANSthe reactants, products, and energy associated with a chemical reaction
chemical equilibrium - ANSwhere the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse
reaction; the concentrations of the reactants and products are CONSTANT
**dynamic equilibrium=ractions are stilll occurring even if reaction appears to have stopped
changed
**chem equilibrium occurs when free energy exist in the LOWEST possible vlaue
equilibrium constant - ANSthe ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at
equilibrium, with each concentration raised to a power equal to the number of moles of that
substance in the balanced chemical equation
What occurs when product concentration is more than reactant concentration? - ANSK will be a
large number and this will favor the products (the numerator will be large and the denominator
will be small)
What occurs if the reactant concentration is larger than product concentration - ANSK will be
small/less than one; and it will favor the reactants (large denominator and small numerator)
Le Chatelier's Principle - ANSStates that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the
system shifts in the direction that relieves the stress.
Change that will occur with an increase in reactant concentration or decrease in concentration
of product - ANSshifts to the right (products)
change that will occur if decrease in reactant concentrations or an increase in concentration of
products - ANSshifts left (reactants)
change that occurs with an increase in temperature in an exothermic reaction - ANSshifts left
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