MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS GRADED TO PASS!!
Benign cells
Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features
o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o...
MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS GRADED
TO PASS!!
Benign cells
Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features
o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a
healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells
o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells
indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death
Malignant cell features
o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer
o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy
,o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy)
Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion
Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression
Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis
Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis
cancer development
Cancer classification
o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading
Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from
normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy
Number of chromosomes
Staging
How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM
o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index
Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer
grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary
o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary
, o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary
People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers
carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma
malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma
pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia
white blood cell tumor
Blastoma
malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests
o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
Imaging Diagnostic Tests
o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests
o Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
o Laparoscopy
o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
o Thoracoscopy
o Upper Endoscopy
Biopsy Diagnostic Tests
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