Summary of social and organizational psychology at Leiden University. Books: organizational behavior: a skill-building approach, second edition, student edition & social psychology, international student edition.
Test Bank for Organizational Behavior A Skill-Building Approach, 2nd Edition, Christopher P. Neck, Jeffery D. Houghton, Emma L. Murray
Summary literature organizational psychology
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Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Psychologie
Sociale- en Organisatiepsychologie (6461PS008Y)
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Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 3 The social self................................................................................................................................ 2
Chapter 4 Emotions, Attitudes, and Stress...................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 Diversity and individual differences................................................................................................7
Chapter 4 Social cognition............................................................................................................................ 10
Chapter G Social psychology and money...................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 5 Motivation: concepts and theoretical perspectives.......................................................................14
Chapter 6 Motivation: Practices and applications.........................................................................................16
Chapter 5 Person perception........................................................................................................................ 19
,Chapter 3 The social self
Self-awareness/ self-recognition: the understanding that we are a separate entity from other
people and objects in our world.
Mirror self-recognition test: a mark is placed on an animal’s forehead, and then the animal is
placed in front of a mirror. Self-awareness is assumed if the animal touches the mark on its
own forehead.
Self-concept: the personal summary of who we are, including our positive and negative
qualities, relationships to others, group memberships and beliefs.
Schema: a mental structure or framework for organizing the world.
- Self-schema: a mental structure that summarizes and organizes our perceptions
about self-relevant information.
Social comparison theory (Leon Festinger): we make assessments about who we are by
comparing how we think or act to those around us.
- Upward social comparison: when we compare ourselves to someone who is better
than us, often to improve on a particular skill.
- Downward social comparison: when we compare ourselves to someone who is worse
than us, often to feel better.
Opinies: vergelijkingen vooral met gelijke anderen.
Bekwaamheid: vergelijken ook opwaarts en neerwaarts.
WIDE:
- Who: comparing ourselves to similar others
- Interpretation: how we interpret social comparisons influences our self-concept.
- Direction: upward or downward
- Esteem: protecting our self-esteem influences our self-concept
Social identity theory (Henri Tajfel)
- Personal identity &
- Social identity
o Group memberships
o Cultural expectations
o Individualism and collectivism
Independent self vs interdependent self
Individualistic vs collectivistic relatie met evolutionaire psychologie
Five explanations that emphasize the social nature of the self by:
1. Emphasizing that we learn about ourselves through our behaviors (self-perception)
2. Describing how our personal goals are influenced by others (self-discrepancy)
We hebben maar liefst 3 ‘selves’
1. Actual: hoe ben je
2
, 2. Ideal: hoe zou je willen zijn
3. Ought: hoe zou je horen te zijn
Verschil tussen actual en ideal = teleurstelling, schaamte
Verschil tussen actual en ought = schuld, self-contempt (walging van zelf)
3. Visualizing how we grow and improve through our social relationships (self-
expansion)
4. Explaining how self-presentations influence behavior in different situations (self-
presentation)
5. Demonstrating how group identifications influence personal self-esteem (collective
self-esteem)
Our self-concept is measured by the Inclusion of the other in the self (IOS) scale. This
measurement tool presents people with a series of seven Venn diagrams with increasing
overlap between “self” and “other”. Participants choose the pair of circles that they feel
accurately indicates how much their self-concept now includes the other person.
Impression management: when we consciously and strategically engage in behaviors that we
hope others will notice and appreciate.
Impression management techniques:
- Ingratiation: flattery works
- Self-enhancement: making statements about how your accomplishments are better
or more frequent than they really are is one path to self-promotion
- Conspicuous consumption: purchasing products specifically chosen to show of how
successful you are
- Self-handicapping: ik ben daar niet zo goed in
Self-monitoring: individuals’ ability to strategically notice and adjust their own behavior in
different situations.
Collective self-esteem: our evaluation of the worth of our social groups.
Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing): a method of self-enhancement that involves affiliating
with an in-group when that group has been successful.
Optimal margin theory: slight distortions of reality can improve psychological well-being.
- Positive illusions: unrealistic optimism about the future and inflated view of one’s
self-concept.
1. Cling to the belief we can control our own lives more than we can (control)
2. Believe in an unrealistically optimistic view of the future (optimism)
3. Discover meaning in critical life events, such as bereavement (meaning)
Subjective age: how old individuals feel, instead of their chronological age.
Self-serving cognitive biases: unrealistic beliefs about our self-concept.
3
, Better than average effect: a form of cognitive bias in which people believe they are better
than a typical person, even though statistically it’s impossible for everyone to be “better
than average”.
Self-esteem: our subjective, personal evaluation of our self-concept, whether we are happy
with who we are.
Narcissism: an excessive self-love based on unwarranted belief in one’s specialness relative
to others.
Self-efficacy: the degree to which you believe that you are capable of completing a specific
task or achieving a particular goal.
Self-compassion: an orientation to care for yourself in times of failure or suffering.
Chapter 4 Emotions, Attitudes, and Stress
Affects: the range of feelings in form of emotions and moods that people experience
- Emotions: intense feelings directed at a specific object or person.
- Moods: generalized positive or negative feelings of mind
Positive affect: a mood dimension that consists of emotions such as excitement, self-
assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the
low end.
Negative affect: a mood dimension that consists of emotions such as boredom, lethargy, and
depression.
Emotional contagion: a phenomenon in which emotions which are experienced by few
people of a work group are spread to the others.
- Negatieve emoties verspreiden zich sneller dan positieve emoties
Emotional labor: the process of managing one’s feelings to present positive emotions even
when they are contrary to one’s actual feelings.
Display rules: basic norms that govern which emotions should be displayed and which should
be suppressed.
Emotional dissonance: a discrepancy between the emotions a person displays and the
emotions he or she actually feels.
Er zijn twee emotionele arbeidstechnieken:
- Surface acting: a person suppresses their true feelings while displaying the
organizationally desirable ones.
- Deep acting: efforts to change your actual emotions to better match the required
emotions in a situation.
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