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Summary Human Immunology
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Summary for Human Immunolgy given by UCG . Preparation for the final exam. Based on book and lectures.
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1: Properties and overview of immune responses 3Innate vs adaptive immune responses 3
Adaptive immunity 3
Initiation and development of adaptive immune responses 4
Overview of humoral and cell-mediated immunity 4
2: Cells and tissues of the immune system 5
Cells of the immune system 6
Anatomy and functions of lymphoid tissues 9
3: Leukocyte circulation and migration into tissues 11
Adhesion molecules on leukocytes and endothelial cells involved in leukocyte recruitment 11
Chemokines and chemokine receptors 12
Leukocyte-endothelial interactions recruitment into tissues 12
Migration and recirculation of T-lymphocytes 13
4: Innate immunity 14
Overview of innate immunity 14
Recognition of microbes and damaged self by the innate immune system 15
Cell-associated pattern recognition receptors and sensors of innate immunity 15
Cellular components of the innate immune system 18
Soluble effector molecules of innate immunity 20
The inflammatory response 22
The antiviral response 24
Stimulation of adaptive immunity 25
Mechanisms that limit innate immune responses 25
6: Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes and the Functions of Major Histocompatibility
Complex Molecules 26
Properties of antigens recognized by T lymphocytes 26
Antigen capture and the functions of antigen-presenting cells 27
The major histocompatibility complex 28
Processing of protein antigens 31
Presentation of non protein antigens to t cells 34
5: Antibodies and antigens 34
Antibody structure 34
Synthesis, assembly, and expression of immunoglobulin molecules 36
Antibody binding of antigens 37
Structure-function relationships in antibody molecules 37
8: Lymphocyte development and antigen receptor gene rearrangement 38
Overview of lymphocyte development 38
Rearrangement of antigen receptors in B and T cells 39
B lymphocyte development 40
T lymphocyte development 41
,12: B cell activation and antibody production 42
Overview Of Humoral Immune Responses 42
Antigen Recognition And Antigen-induced B Cell Activation 42
Helper T Cell-dependent Antibody Responses To Protein Antigens 43
Antibody Responses To T-independent Antigens 47
7: Immune Receptors and Signal Transduction 47
Overview of signal transduction 47
Immune receptor family 48
T Cell receptor complex and T Cell signalling 49
The B lymphocyte antigen receptor complex 52
The attenuation of immune receptor signalling 53
Cytokine receptors and signalling 53
9: Activation of T Lymphocytes 54
Overview Of T Lymphocyte Activation 54
Signals For T Lymphocyte Activation 54
Functional Responses Of T Lymphocytes 56
Decline Of T Cell Responses 57
10: Differentiation and Functions of CD4+ Effector T Cells 57
Overview Of Cd4+ T Cell–mediated Immune Responses 57
Subsets Of Cd4+ Effector T Cells 58
The Th1 Subset 59
The Th2 Subset 60
The Th17 Subset 61
Functions Of Other T Cell Subsets 61
11: Differentiation and Functions of CD8+ Effector T Cells 62
Differentiation Of Cd8+ T Cells Into Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes 62
Effector Functions Of Cd8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes 63
Roles Of Cd8+ Ctls In Host Defense 64
15: Immunologic tolerance and auto-immunity 64
Overview of immunologic tolerance 64
T-lymphocyte tolerance 64
B-lymphocyte tolerance 66
Tolerance to commensal microbes and other foreign antigens 67
Mechanisms of autoimmunity 67
13: Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity 68
Overview Of Humoral Immunity 68
Neutralization Of Microbes And Microbial Toxins 68
Antibody-mediated Opsonization And Phagocytosis 69
The Complement System 71
Neonatal Immunity 75
,1: Properties and overview of immune responses
The physiologic function of the immune system is defense against infectious microbes;
however, even noninfectious foreign substances and products of damaged cells can elicit
immune responses.
Innate vs adaptive immune responses
Innate immunity - First hours/days after infection, rapid response, before adaptive immune
response has developed. Encoded in germline DNA.
Adaptive immunity - Recognises and reacts to antigens, slower but more specific than innate
immune response. The adaptive immune system recognizes and reacts to a large number of
microbial and nonmicrobial substances, called antigens. Requires DNA rearrangements.
White blood cells, or leukocytes, are the most important cells in the immune system. They
originate from hematopoietic stem cells.
The immune system can protect multiple places in the body (the whole body) due to the
movement of lymphocytes (type of white blood cells). This is regulated by positive feedback
loops.
Innate immunity: the early defense
The innate immune response includes:
● physical and chemical barriers (skin, acid in stomach)
● Phagocytic cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer cells
● blood protein
The innate immune response combats microbes by two main reactions:
● By recruiting phagocytes and other leukocytes that destroy the microbes, in the
process called inflammation.
● By blocking viral replication or killing virus-infected cells without a need for an
inflammatory reaction.
Adaptive immunity
The adaptive immune response is mediated by cells called lymphocytes and their products.
Lymphocytes express highly diverse receptors that are capable of recognizing a vast number
of antigens. There are two major populations of lymphocytes, called B lymphocytes and T
lymphocytes, which mediate different types of adaptive immune responses.
Specificity and diversity - membrane receptors on lymphocytes can detect specific antigens
→ parts of complex antigen: determinants or epitopes. Clones of lymphocytes with
different specificities are present in unimmunized individuals and are able to recognize and
respond to foreign antigens, this is called clonal selection. An introduced antigen binds to
(selects) the cells of the pre-existing antigen-specific clone and activates them. The activated
cell then goes into clonal expansion to combat the invasion. The immune system is diverse
as it can recognise an enormous number of antigens.
, Memory - During clonal expansion both effector as well as memory cells are produced, so
that the immune system can remember the antigen and react faster if it invades again.
Memory cells in general react faster than naive lymphocytes.
Non Reactivity to self - The immune system does not attack its own cells/cells native to the
body, this is called tolerance. - abnormalities can lead to autoimmune diseases.
Initiation and development of adaptive immune responses
To activate the adaptive immune response antigens must be presented by antigen presenting
cells, usually the dendritic cells. These cells bring the microbial antigens to the secondary
lymph nodes and present them to naive lymphocytes to initiate an immune response. Once
activated, clonal expansion occurs, and the lymphocytes differentiate into effector or memory
cells. Cytokines are a large group of secreted proteins with diverse structures and functions,
which regulate and coordinate many activities of the cells of innate and adaptive immunity
Overview of humoral and cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity - mediated by molecules in the blood and by antibodies. This is the
primary defense mechanism against microbes because of antibodies, as the secreted
antibodies can bind to these microbes and toxins, neutralize them, and assist in their
elimination (works outside the cells).
B-lymphocytes - once activated they secrete different classes of antibodies attacking the
antigen. CD4+/helper T-cells - activate the response of B cells to protein antigens. To
non-protein antigens B cells can respond without T-helper cells. Some antibodies bind to
microbes and prevent them from infecting cells, thereby preventing infection. IgG antibodies
coat microbes and target them for phagocytosis.
Cell-mediated immunity - Mediated by T-lymphocytes. Once inside a cell microbes are
inaccessible to antibodies. Defense must happen by killing infected cells. T cells do not
produce antibody molecules. When infected cells bind peptides of the microbes to their major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) which the T-cells recognise, and kill the microbes or the
entire cell.
There are different types of T-cells:
● Helper T-cells
● Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes- produce molecules that kill other cells
● Regulatory T cells - inhibit immune responses.
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