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Immunology - Lecture notes up to exam 1
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Immunology - Lecture notes up to exam 1
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11/19/23, 1:08 PM Immunology - Lecture notes up to exam 1- Immunology young science
- Mary pierpoint brought back smallpox to england to infect her child to gain immunity
- Cowpox (virus: vaccinia) commonplace in milk places
- Mild disease, small lesions
- Milkmaids were found to be resistant to cowpox
- Injected young boy with pustules from milkmaid with cowpox
- Jenner continued to inject Bruce (boy) with smallpox and he never became sick
- Vaccination comes from vaccinia (vacca = cow)
- Many people did this (just did not publish results)
- 1891 Koch
- Worked on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)
- DTH is tuberculin antigen
- Delayed swelling if you have been infected with tuberculosis
- 1895 Bordet
- Found that if you took antibodies and added them to complement and to bacteria
you got lysis
- C+Ab+bacteria=lysis
- 1901 Landstiener
- ABO blood groups
- 1914 CC Little
- Genetic theory of tumor transplantation
- 1936 Gorer
- Identification of MHC antigens
- 1939 Kabat and Tselius
- Antibodies as gamma globulins
- Prior exposure to simulating molecule immune system has better response
- Primary immune response is first time response to forgien molecule
- Secondary immune response
- Lag - longer for primary and shorter for second
- Vigor- smaller for primary, larger for secondary
- There is preexisting immunity to forgein molecule is value does not start at 0
- More than a million different antibodies a person can make
- A person only has 23,000 genes
- The specialized cells cause the secondary reaction rate
- Better immune response = more cells
- Memory response- the cells that are increased in number have a faster and better
reaction the second time they are introduced to a foreign molecule
- Anamnestic response is memory response
- Innate response- less specific, no memory
- Adaptive immune response- specific, and has memory
- Forgein molecule is signal molecule that engages receptor molecule = signal processing
= immune sys decided to do something
- Activation - turned on, cell birth, increase
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, 11/19/23, 1:08 PM Immunology - Lecture notes up to exam 1
- Apoptosis- turned off, cell death, decrease, can cause autoimmune disease
- Anergy - cells are actively deciding not to respond to stimulus, tolerance
- Signal molecule is antigen
- Receptor molecule immunoglobulin (antibody)
9/1
Can learn immune response, conditioned response
- Cue that nervous sys recognizes can cause immune sys to be suppressed as
conditioned response (similar to pavlov's dogs)
Brain does have immune response (lymphatic cells found 2 years ago)
Xenotransplantation- transplanting animal organs into humans (replacing necessary tissues)
An antibody can sub for enzyme (abzymes) for transforming molecules
Current trends in immunology cont.
Basic cells, tissue, organs and molecules of immune response (IR)
DNA is highly immunogenic
Hematopoiesis
- Till and McCullough (50s) took bone marrow out of mouse
- Bone marrow had hematopoietic cells and injected cells into tail vein of
another irradiated (reduce immune sys cells) mouse (genetically identical
twins = no tissue rejection)
- 9-11 days later they took out spleen (lymphoid organ)
- Hematopoietic cells in part migrated to spleen causing small
colony
- Purpose to see how much radioactivity is enough to kill a humans
immune sys
- CFU-S assay (colony forming units of the spleen)
- CFS cytokines that stimulated or reduced colonies
- Can make cell more primitive to push it to differentiate a different way
- The formation of all blood cells
- Start with pluripotent stem cell (many)
- Differentiation (phenotypic change) vs determination (genetic change that sets
the fate of cell and descendants)
- Fig 1.3 cellular components of blood
- Bone marrow stem cells
- WBC vs RBC
- Differentiated into distinct lineages of blood cells
- Cell lineages of WBCs
- Lymphoid (B and T lymphocytes)
- Go from bone marrow and differentiate in thymus
- 2-5% of T cells exit thymus as functional t cells,
other die
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