TEST BANK For Human -
Growth and Development.INTRODUCTION HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Course Content
1. Introduction: Definition of terms, Importance of studying human growth and
development, General principles of human growth and development, Historical
perspectives of the study of human gro...
TEST BANK For Human -
Growth and Development
INTRODUCTION HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Course Content
1. Introduction: Definition of terms, Importance of studying human growth and
development, General principles of human growth and development, Historical
perspectives of the study of human growth and development, Developmental needs
2. Research techniques used in the study of human growth and development
3. Theories and determinants of human growth and development
4. Periods/stages of human growth and development
a) Prenatal Development
i) Development from conception to birth
ii) Factors affecting prenatal development
iii) The neonate
b) Developmental Aspects/Tasks
i) Physical/Motor development
ii) Development of perception
iii) Cognitive development
iv) Language development
v) Social development
vi) Emotional development
vii) Moral development
viii) Personality development
c) Adolescent Development
d) Adulthood, Aging and Death
,TOPIC ONE: INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Growth
Growth refers to the physical and physiological changes that occur throughout life. These
changes are quantitative such as physical growth (change in weight and height) and occur
during the early phases of life up to adolescent years. Quantitative changes refer to
measurable and obvious features of human development.
2.Development
Development refers to change in function and such changes are non-organic and
usually qualitative, for example language usage, thought processing, reading skills, and
peer relationships. Qualitative changes refer to the alterations in human functioning
through the life span.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1) Development is achieved through growth. One can grow but not develop. For
example, a child can increase in size but may not be able to walk.
2) Development is a continuous life long process while growth is limited.
3) Growth refers to organic changes while development refers to non-organic –
functional changes.
4) Growth is quantitative while development is qualitative
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:
Principles are general patterns that hold true in describing the way human being develops.
The main principles are given below: -
1. Development follows a definite orderly sequential and predictable pattern rather than
random. For example, a child sits, then stands and walks. The order cannot be
reversed.
2. Development follows two directional trends: -
i. Cephalocaudal trend– development proceeds from the head to the heel. For
example, the child can hold the head upright and use the hands before walking or using
the legs.
,ii. Proximodistal trend– development proceeds from the centerline of the body to
the other parts. For example, the child can wave the hands before using the fingers to pick
something.
3. Although development is a continuous process, it is not always smooth and gradual.
There are growth spurts, that is periods of accelerated growth. For example, the first
two years and the adolescent period are periods of accelerated growth.
4. There are critical or sensitive periods in thedevelopment of body organs and
psychological functions. These are periods when the potential for growth as well as
harm from the environment is at its maximum. Any interference may result in
permanent deficiencies or malfunction, for example fourteenth to ninetieth day. This
is the period when most of the organs of the body are developing.
5. All developmental changes are a product of two basic processes – maturation
(heredity) and experience (learning).
6. Development is shaped by its historical/cultural context. For example, those born
in the age of computers and Internet are likely to have different experiences.
7. Different aspects of development are interrelated. For example, physical
development will influence social and mental development.
8. Human development is a holistic process and not piecemeal.
9. Development is an individualized process. That is, each child has a characteristic rate
of development regardless of the stage of development. These differences may be due
to genetic factors, nutrition, illness, lack of exercise, etc.
10. Development proceeds from general to specific and simple to complex. For
example, babies move their arms (gross movement) before grasping with thumb
and index finger (specific).
11. Development is a cumulative process, i.e. changes do not emerge all of a sudden. Past
events often have implications for the future.
12. There is much plasticity in human development. Plasticity refers to the capacity for
change in response to positive or negative life experiences. The cause of development
can change abruptly if important aspects of ones life change.
, IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1) The teacher must know the basic principles of growth and development and the
characteristics that emerge at different age levels in order to provide effective
guidance for harmonious development of children.
2) Children come to school with individual differences due to their different homes
and environment. The teacher needs to know the potentialities and capabilities of
each and every child so that he may exploit them to the maximum for the benefit
of society.
3) To ensure continuity from the past to the present, the teacher needs to understand
past aspects of development. The teacher will understand the present in terms of
its past. What students are is as a result of what they have been through.
4) The teacher is an agent of socialization and there is need to know those whom he
will socialize in order to facilitate their development as good citizens.
5) The teacher needs to know and understand the basis of development and what is
abnormal.
6) To improve the quality of learning and teaching because the teacher knows the
normal characteristics of children at different ages.
7) The teacher will be able to understand himself/herself better.
SUMMARY
Growth and development is both quantitative and qualitative.
There are general patterns or principles of development.
It is important to study human growth and development so as to understand others and
ourselves around us.
TOPIC TWO: RESEARCH METHODS AND DESIGNS IN HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
The following are the various methods of research in human growth and development: -
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