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MIBO 3500 EXAM 1 (SCOTT) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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MIBO 3500 EXAM 1 (SCOTT)QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three measurements used and what's the relationship between them? - answer
millimeters (mm) - 10^-3 M
micrometers (Mm) - 10^-6 M
nanometers (nm) - 10^-9 M
1000 nm = 1 Mm
1000 Mm = 1 mm
Humans can see up to what measurement? - answer ~100-200 Mm
What are three contradictions to the definition of a microbe? - answer Supersize microbial cells,
Microbial communities, and viruses
What are Robert Hooke - answer - Built the first microscope
- First to observe mold, fleas, and cork under a microscope
-First publication about microscopes in Micrographia
-Coined the term "cell"
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - answer -Built single-lens magnifiers
-First to observe single-celled microbes (which he called "animolecules")
theory of spontaneous generation. - answer People thought living organisms spawned from
non-living matter.
Ex: decayed meat produced maggots, sand produced oysters and clams
Francesco Redi - answer -Tried experiment w/ decaying meat and presence of maggots
,- Disproved spontaneous generation
Lazzaro Spallanzani - answer -Boiled broth with and without cap on flask
- Disproved spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur - answer -Boiled broth in long-necked flask and broken off long-neck flask
- Disproved spontaneous generation and END THE DEBATE*****
What is the germ theory and it's important principles? - answer The theory that many diseases
are caused by microbes
Principles:
Chain of infection: transmission
Pure culture: A culture from a single parental cell
Colonies : Distinct populations each grown from a single cell
Robert Koch - answer - He studied the link between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
- Created the first guidelines/postulates to establish a link between a specific microbe and
disease.
Koch's postulates - answer 1. Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and
absent from healthy organisms.
2. Microorganism must be isolated/grown in pure culture.
3. Same disease must result when microorganism is inoculated in healthy host.
4. Same microorganism must be isolated from 2nd diseased host.
Barry Marshall - answer A scientist who suspected that stomach ulcers were caused by
Helibacter pylori; he drank his bacterial broth and was highly frowned upon in the scientific
community.
, A third of Europe's population was wiped out by what? - answer Yersinia pestis, an agent of the
bubonic plague
Who introduced smallpox inoculation? - answer Lady Montagu
Edward Jenner - answer He deliberately infected patients with matter from cow pox (created
smallpox vaccine)
Florence Nightingale - answer She was the first to use medical statistics to demonstrate the
significance of mortality due to disease.
What did Alexander Fleming discover? - answer He discovered that Penicillium mold generated
a substance that kills bacteria (first antibiotics).
Who created the first commercial antibiotic? (2 people) - answer Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
Sergei Windogradsky - answer -Studied microbes in natural habitats
- Developed lithotrophs
- Developed enrichment cultures
- Built the Winogradsky column
- Showed the importance of bacteria in geochemical cycling
What is the importance of geochemical cycling? - answer All life depends on these oxidative and
reductive conversions of nitrogen (which is typically only performed by microbes).
What are the common bacterial shapes and arrangements? (5) - answer 1. Filamentous rods
(bacilli)
2. Spirochetes (one or pairs)
3. Cocci in pairs (diplococci)
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