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PHIL 235 Final Exam Prep Actual Questions and
Answers 2023-2024;(Everything you need to pass phil
235 is her)
Contents
Unit 1............................................................................................................................................................. 4
1. Ethical Foundations ........................................................................................................................... 4
Fisher: Morality & Ethics ....................................................................................................................... 4
2. Ethics & Biomedical Ethics ................................................................................................................ 7
Paternalism & Patient Relationship ...................................................................................................... 7
Sherwin: Autonomy in Health Care....................................................................................................... 8
Unit 2............................................................................................................................................................. 8
3. Medical Decision Making .................................................................................................................. 8
Buchanan & Brock: Standards of Competence ..................................................................................... 9
Harrison: Involving Children in Medical Decisions .............................................................................. 10
Faden & Beauchamps: Informed Consent .......................................................................................... 11
Kipins: Quality Care & Diversity .......................................................................................................... 11
Macklin: Ethical Relativism ................................................................................................................. 12
Hardwing: Family Interests ................................................................................................................. 12
4. Privacy, Medical Information, and Truth ........................................................................................ 13
HIV/AIDS Netowrk: Privacy & Rights ................................................................................................... 14
Siegler: Confidentiality in Medicine: A decrepit concept.................................................................... 14
Lipkin: Telling The Truth ...................................................................................................................... 15
Thomasma: Clinical Ethics Exploration ............................................................................................... 15
5. Allocation & Right to Healthcare .................................................................................................... 16
What is Health..................................................................................................................................... 16
Buchanan: Decent Minimum .............................................................................................................. 16
Armstrong: Managing Care the Canadian Way................................................................................... 16
Pellegrina: Commodification of Healthcare ........................................................................................ 16
Fair Innings & Responsibility ............................................................................................................... 16
Unit 3........................................................................................................................................................... 17
6. Moral Status Of The Human Fetus .................................................................................................. 17
Marquis: Why Abortion is Immoral..................................................................................................... 17
, Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion .......................................................................... 17
Thompson: A Defense of Abortion ..................................................................................................... 17
Sherwin: Abortion thorugh the Feminist Lens .................................................................................... 17
7. End of Life Decision Making ............................................................................................................ 17
Wicclair: Medical Futility..................................................................................................................... 17
Boyle: Medical Ethics & Double Standard........................................................................................... 17
Hardwig: Is there a duty to die? .......................................................................................................... 17
Brock: Voluntary Active Euthanasia .................................................................................................... 18
Rachels: Active and Passive Euthanasia .............................................................................................. 18
Callahan: When Self Determination Runs Amok................................................................................. 18
Wolf: Gender, Feminism, and Death................................................................................................... 18
Unit 4........................................................................................................................................................... 18
8. Genetic Technology & Eugenics ...................................................................................................... 18
Glover: Eugenics Some Lessons From the Nazi Experience ................................................................ 18
Kass: Implication of Parental Diagnosis .............................................................................................. 18
Purdy: Genetics and Reproductive Risks............................................................................................. 18
Baylis & Robert: Genetic Enhancement .............................................................................................. 18
9. Research with Humans & Conflicts of Interest ............................................................................... 18
The Nuremburg Code.......................................................................................................................... 19
Pence: The Tuskegee Studty ............................................................................................................... 19
Ross: Dr. Ewen Cameron ..................................................................................................................... 20
Lewis: Dancing With the Porcupine .................................................................................................... 20
10. Research with Incompetent Human Subjects ............................................................................. 21
Capron: Ethical and Human Rights Issues ........................................................................................... 21
Ross: The Child as Research Subject ................................................................................................... 21
Anas: Baby Fae .................................................................................................................................... 22
Quiz Reference ............................................................................................................................................ 23
,Unit 1
1. Ethical Foundations
Fisher: Morality & Ethics
Key Concepts:
Main Braches of Ethics:
1. Meta-Ethics
• Questions the very possibility and nature of ethics itself.
• are there objective moral facts?
• what do the words “right” and “wrong” actually mean?
, 2. Normative Ethics
• Seeks the rules or principles that should guide behavior.
A. Consequentialism Right & Wrong is determined by consequences put on the decision
B. Deontology Things are right or wrong regardless of consequences (Aka Self Defence giving
prison time… It’s no necessarily wrong)
C. Virtue Theory What I should do is irrelevant, it’s about who I should be?
D. Ethics of Care Criticize that ethics isn’t about me the individual but my duty to others.
• Morality: “an explicit or implicit sytem of rules that governs the behavior and values of a certain
group of people” (p. 4).
• Ethics and Moral Philosophy: “the study of morality – its concepts, practices, and justifications”
Implicit ethical subjectivism
-A commitment to protecting the integrity of individual’s right for self-determination (autonomy)...
-There are “no moral facts” in the universe...
-“X is wrong” means “I disapprove of X”
-A and B only seem to be disagreeing...
Implicit ethical relativism
-Ethical statements are true or false, but only relative to the speaker’s culture.
-There is no place “outside of culture” to choose between them as to which one is correct...
- A commitment to multiculturalism and tolerance...
-What about slavery? or moral progress?
To find right vs. wrong
o Appeal to religion but (Not one god) no universal god
o Let conscience be your guide but (sometimes conscience is wrong like the twin
tower disaster) the “pilots were not psychopaths but true believer’s”
o Appeal to nature, common sense, customs
o All in all it is a fallacy (mistake) to appeal to any authority because you don’t
know the authority is moral. We are on our own to determine what is right and
wrong.
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